DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF

MICROSTRIP FED
RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP
ANTENNA USING
DIFFERENTIAL EVOLUTION
ALGORITHM
By
Malay Gangopadhyay, Bhaskar Gupta,
Pinaki Mukherjee, Suvrajit Manna and
Udit Sharma

INTRODUCTION
Motivation for the
work
The motivation behind this
work is to design a simple
structure of a microstrip
antenna using inset feed
mechanism which radiates
exactly at the target frequency
of
designed
antenna
parameters with best possible
impedance
matching,
significant gain and good
radiation efficiency.

OBJECTIVE

Objective The objective of the work is

to optimize the dimensions of a
microstrip inset fed patch antenna for
desired resonant frequency and return
loss.

Method adopted Differential evolution

algorithm.

HISTORY

First developed by Deschamps in 1953earliest known realization of Microstrip

structure.
First patent obtained by Gutton and
Bussinot in 1955.
Practically developed by Munson and
Howell in the 1970s.

Microstrip Patch Antenna

Narrowband, low profileantenna

Small and conformal in size
It consists of a conducting patch
on one side of a dielectric
substrate with a ground plane on
the other side.

APPLICATIONS OF MSA

Satellite communications, direct

broadcast services (DBS)
Satellite navigation receivers
Mobile radio(pagers, telephone)
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Bluetooth automotive applications with
RHCP
Satellite Digital Audio Radio Services
(SDARS)
And many more

ADVANTAGES OF MSA

They are lightweight and have a small

volume and a low-profile planar
configuration
Their ease of mass production using
printed-circuit technology leads to a low
fabrication cost
The antennas may be easily mounted on
missiles, rockets and satellites without
major alterations
Feed lines and matching networks are
fabricated simultaneously with the

DISADVANTAGES

Low gain

Narrow Bandwidth

Relatively large size at lower microwave

frequencies

LINE FEED MECHANISMS FOR MSA

Microstrip line feed

Advantages:
Microstrip line
Impedance matching and
fabrication become easier.
Monolithic.
Disadvantages:
spurious radiation.

Different Evolutionary Algorithm

Introduced by Storn and Price in 1996.
Stochastic population based optimization

algorithm, developed to optimize real parameters

and real valued functions.
GA on crossover, whereas, DE on mutation
It aims at evolving a population of M-dimensional
parameter vectors, so-called individuals, towards
achieving the global optimum. M stands for the
number of parameters.

Differential Evolution
(DE):
Main ingredients of Differential Evolution (DE):
Initialisation : M-dimensional parameter vectors
are initialised as a population for each generation G.
xi;G;=1;;NP where NP is
individual number in a group.
Mutation : A mutant vector v
i,G is generated for
each individual according to the following formula:
vi,G=xp1,G+F(xp2,G - xp3,G)
where F is a real and constant
factor satisfied F [0, 2].

Differential Evolution
(DE):

Crossover : Crossover is applied to generate a trial

individual uji,G
uji,G = vji,G;

if (r(j) CR)

xji,G otherwise
where r(j) is a real random number and CR, a
constant in [0, 1], is the crossover probability.
Selection : The cost value of each trial vector
uiG is compared to the cost value of the target
vector xi,G in the current population and the one with
better cost value is retained for the next generation.

Optimization of Microstrip Fed Antenna

Analysis based on Transmission Line
Model

The Equations used for Optimization are:

The resonant frequency of a rectangular microstrip patch
antenna is given by:
fr=c/2Leffreff.
Where Leff is the effective length of the patch antenna (due to
fringing effect ) given by
Leff=L+2L
L=0.412h[(e+0.3)(W/h+0.264)]/[(e-0.258)(W/h+0.8)]

reff is the effective permittivity of the antenna substrate given by

e=(r+1)/2+[(r-1)/2](1+12h/W)-1/2

Optimization of Microstrip Fed Antenna

The return loss LR of the microstrip patch is given by

LR = 20 Log (1/rf) ,
where rf is the reflection co-efficient given by
rf =( Rin -50)/(Rin + 50).

From the transmission line model it can be shown that

the input resistance of a patch antenna at resonant
frequency is given by:

Rin=1/2G1cos2[(L1)]
where G1 is the self conductance of radiating slots of the
patch.
= /(L)
and L1 = inset feed length

Optimization of Microstrip Fed Antenna

Parameters chosen for optimization are: Length, Width and

the Feed Position of the antenna.

Optimization is done using Differential Evolution Algorithm.

The fitness function used is:

F = f0 F0 + LR L0

Where, f0 -the target resonant frequency

F0 - the resonant frequency with optimized dimensions
LR -is the desired return loss which is taken here as -30dB
L0 -is the return loss with optimized dimensions.

Optimization of Microstrip Fed Antenna

Population size:20
Crossover constant: 0.6
Differential mutation constant(F):0.4
Total number of generations :200

RESULTS

Optimum patch length, width & feed position(inset) and

return loss for different values of resonant frequency

RESULTS

Best fitness plot for DE optimization

RESULTS

Simulated return loss for a typical antenna optimized using DE

for resonant frequency 11 GHz.

RESULTS

Plot of total field gain vs. frequency for a typical antenna

optimized
using DE for resonant frequency 11 GHz.
Max gain- 5.9 dBi at 11 GHz

RESULTS

Radiation patterns of a typical antenna optimized using DE for resonant

frequency 11 GHz

REFERENCES
1. Storn, R.; Price, K. (1997). "Differential Evolution- a simple and efficient
heuristic for global optimization over continuous spaces". Journal of Global
Optimization 11: 341359. doi:10.1023/A:1008202821328.
2. Price, K.; Storn, R.M.; Lampinen, J.A. (2005). Differential Evolution: A
Practical Approach to Global Optimization. Springer.
3. A. Deb, J.S. Roy, B. Gupta, Design of Microstrip antennas using Differential
Evolution algorithm, International Journal of Information Systems and
Communication, vol. 1,pp 1-14,2011
4. E. Aksoy and E. Afacan, Planar antenna pattern nulling using differential
evolution algorithm, AEU -International Journal of Electronics and
Communications, Vol. 63, (2009), pp. 116 122.
5. J. Y. Li, and J. L. Guo, Optimization technique using differential evolution for
Yagi-Uda antennas Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol.
23, No. 4, (2009), pp. 449-461.
6. L. Zangh, Y-C Jiao, H. Li, and F-S. Zangh, Antenna optimization by hybrid
differential evolution, International Journal of RF and Microwave ComputerAided Engineering ,Vol. 20, (2010), pp. 51-55.

REFERENCES
7. L. Zhang, Z. Cui, Y. C. Jiao, F-S. Zhang, Broadband patch antenna
design using differential evolution algorithm, Microwave & Optical
Technology Letters,Vol.51, (2009), pp. 1692 1695.
8. R. Garg, P Bhartia, I Bahl and A Ittipiboon, Microstrip Antenna Design
Handbook, Boston: Artech House, Inc., 2001, pp 80-81.
9. Kumar, G. & Roy, K. P. , Broadband Microstrip Antennas, Artech House,
Boston, London
10.L. I. Basilio, M. A. Khayat, J. T. Williams and S. A. Long, "The
Dependence of the Input Impedance on Feed Position of Probe and
Microstrip Line-fed Patch Antennas," IEEE Trans. Antennas and
Propagation, Vol. AP-49,. 45-47, Jan. 2001.
11.R. Storn. On the usage of diffrential evolution for function optimization
in Biennial Conference of the North American Fuzzy Information
Processing Society (NAFIPS), pages 519-523, Berkeley, CA, USA, 1996.
12.J. Tvrdik, Differential evolution with competitive setting of control
parameters, Task Quarterly, vol. 11, no. 12, pp. 169179, 2007.

~THANK YOU~