Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Geography..
Area
total: 647,500 sq km
land: 647,500 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Land boundaries
total: 5,529 km
border countries:
China 76 km
Iran 936 km
Pakistan 2,430 km
Tajikistan 1,206 km
Turkmenistan 744 km
Uzbekistan 137 km
Geography as a factor.
Landlocked.
Dependency.
People
Population:
29,928,987 (July 2005 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 44.7%
15-64 years: 52.9%
65 years and over: 2.4%
Life expectancy.
Infant mortality rate:
total: 163.07 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 167.79 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 158.12 deaths/1,000 live births
(2005 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 42.9 years
male: 42.71 years
female: 43.1 years (2005 est.)
Ethnic groups.
Literacy
definition: age 15 and over can read and
write.
total population: 36%
male: 51%
female: 21% (1999 est.)
Industries
Agriculture - products:
opium, wheat, fruits, nuts, wool, mutton,
sheepskins, lambskins
Industries:
small-scale production of textiles, soap,
furniture, shoes, fertilizer, cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, coal, copper
Brief History
King Amanullah Khan acceded to the throne in 1919 that
Afghanistan re-gained complete independence
Amanullah was forced to abdicate in January 1929 after
Kabul fell to forces led by Habibullah Kalakani
Prince Mohammed Nadir Shah, a cousin of Amanullah's,
in turn defeated and killed Habibullah Kalakani in October
of the same year & was declared as the King
In 1933 he was assassinated in a revenge killing by a
Kabul student
Mohammed Zahir Shah, Nadir Shah's 19-year-old son,
succeeded to the throne and reigned from 1933 to 1973
An insurgency arose against the government among both urban and tribal
groups, which is collectively known as Mujahideen
The governing political party promoted the Soviets to invade the country in
December 1979
The war soon came to a stalemate, 100 00 Soviet troops controlling the
towns and cities whilst the Mujahideen freely moving in rural areas
Soviets started bombing the villages to cut the popular support to
Mujahideens
The Soviet occupation resulted in the killings of between 600,000 and two
million Afghan civilians.
Over 5 million fled as refugees, mostly to Pakistan and Iran. Over 38,000
made it to the United States and many more to the European Union
Enforced democracy
On 9 October 2004, Hamid Karzai
became the first democratically elected
president of Afghanistan.
Elections for the national assembly were
held in April 2005.
USA
Pakistan
Mujahidin
Taliban
USA
Pakistan
Mujahidin
Taliban
Afghan matrix
USSR
India
Communists
Pakistan
USSR
India
Communists
USA
Pakistan
India
11
/
9
Pakistan
Taliban
Communists
External disputes.
Refugees
2 million have returned since 2001
Several millions more residing in Pakistan, Iran and
elsewhere
Open borders
Cross border transaction of
Arms
Ammunition
Narcotics
Illicit drugs
world's largest producer of opium
cultivation of opium poppy 206,700 hectares in 2004
potential opium production of 4,950 metric tons
potential heroin production of 582 metric tons
80-90% of the heroin consumed in Europe comes
from Afghan opium
vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through
informal financial networks
Internal problems.
Recent history is a story of war and unrest.
Afghanistan remains
extremely poor
Landlocked
highly dependent on foreign aid, farming, and trade
with neighboring countries
Internal problems.
Isolation.
Geographical.
Socio-economic.
Religious.
Ethnic and tribal.
Education and exposure.
Challenges.
A country free of terrorism and drugs.
Creating an environment for Afghan refugees to
return home to a life of security, economic
opportunity and greater freedom.
The role of international community critical but
should be limited.
Solution should be .the blend of
Challenges.
Time Horizon
Not Exit but engagement strategy is needed long
term to assist Afghans with their political, economic
and security challenges.
Long term engagement occupation popularity
public opinion cost.
Possible tactical setbacks.
Attacks by individuals or groups.
Fighting among Afghans.
Persuading Afghans to give up their arms.
Poppy to Agro products.
Coalition for ever?
Challenges.
The human geography; the division into
tribes.
The physical geography groups are a basic
facts of political life. (Tribes, ethnic groups,
religious entities).
Inability to call masses of Afghan people for
their own liberation.
Challenges.
Vulnerability.
The extremist networks greatest asset is the lack of an
alternative countrywide, broad based Afghan governing
system waiting to replace the Taliban when they are
driven from Kabul
RR&R process
Quick impact projects
De-mining
Local road rehabilitation
Provision of seeds
Renovation of water supply
Re-opening of schools
Agricultural reforms
Household and electricity
Infrastructure modernization
Education and health
Resettlement of refugees and internally displaced
RR&R process
Discourage the production of poppy
Alternative economic developments
Eradication
Border controls.
END