Distributions of

Residence Times
for Chemical
Reactors

Ulina Ayu Pangesti //

1306447722

General Characteristics

13.1

General Characteristics
Distributions of
Residence Times
for Chemical
Reactors

Part 1

Using the RTD time

function E(t) and
mean residence
time tm

Part 2

RTD data and

function for
conversion
predictions and
exit concentration

Comparison and
reference point to
ideal and non-ideal
reactors

Residence Time Distribution:

To help characterize non ideal reactors which
do not follow the model developed for CSTRs,
PFRs and PBRs.

General Characteristics
All equations and models in this book are for chemical reactors
that are ideal, perfectly mixed batch, and mixed continuous.
However, these models are not always applicable for real life
reactors (i.e. non-ideal)
The performance and efficiency of reactors in real life
applications may show deviation from the ideal.
Hence, non-ideal reactors will be the principle analysis subject
for further calculations.

General Characteristics
PART 1
The two major steps that will impact the RTD for non ideal reactors
are:
1. To diagnose problems of reactors in operation
2. To predict conversion or effluent concentration in existing/available
reactors when a new reaction is used in the reactor.

The aim is to analyze and characterize non-ideal reactor behavior.

General characteristics of Systems

SYSTEM 1
- Gas-liquid continuous-stirred tank reactor shows
gaseous reactant bubble into the reactor while liquid
reactant is fed through an inlet tube in the reactors
side.
- The continuous liquid phase can be considered as
perfectly mixed and the reaction rate is proportional
to the total bubble surface area.
- Some gas bubbles can escape the reactor due to
different sizes.
- The time the bubble spends in the reactor is BUBBLE
TIME RESIDENCE.
- The analysis should be based on the residence time
of each bubbles, NOT average residence time.
- Total reaction rate is obtain from summing all the
bubbles in the reactor.

SYSTEM 2
- Packed bed reactors with a catalyst shows that the reacting
fluid does not flow through the reactor uniformly.
- Some sections in the reactor shows little resistance to flow,
which leads to major portion of the fluid may channel through
its pathway
- Molecules following this pathway do not spend as much time in
the reactor as those following through the regions of high
resistance to flow.
- There is also a distribution of times that molecules spend in the
reactor in contact with the catalyst.

SYSTEM 3
- For CSTRs, the inlet and outlet pipes are close together
- Tanks are modeled with a bypass stream, where short circuiting
occurred
- Stagnant regions (dead zones) are often encountered and
there is little or no exchange of material with the well-mixed
regions, which leads to no reaction occurring.
- Experiments were done to determine
the amount of the material effectively
bypassed and the volume of the dead
zone.

Concepts for Non-Ideal Reactors

Concepts to describe non-ideal reactors are:
1. The distribution of residence times in the system
2. The quality of mixing
3. The model used to describe the system
In real and non-ideal reactors, non-ideal flow patterns
exist, resulting in ineffective contacting and lower
conversions

13.1.1

Residence-Time Distribution (RTD)

Function
The use of RTS is to analyze the chemical reactors performance.
RTD of a reactor is a characteristic of the mixing that occurs in the
chemical reactor.
From RTD calculations, we can analyze when some molecules leave
quickly and when some overstay their welcome in the reactor.
Different mixing patterns (PFR no axial, CSTR thoroughly mixed) will
can reflect the RTD.
In some cases when mixing patterns are unknown, the RTD is exhibited
by a given reactor yields distinctive clues to the type of mixing
occurring within a rector and can also help characterize the reactor.

RTD Function
Berapa lama atom-atom komponen
fluida sudah berada dalam reaktor
Memberi informasi tentang tipe
pencampuran (mixing) dalam
reaktor

Measurement of RTD

13.2

Pengukuran RTD
PROSES

CIRI-CIRI TRACER

Menggunakan tracer

Inert

Tracer diinjeksi pada

t=0
Mengukur
konsentrasi tracer
pada effluent
sebagai fungsi
waktu

Sifat fisis sama

dengan reaktan
Tidak teradsorb
pada permukaan
reaktor
Larut sempurgan
dalam campuran

Metode Injeksi: Pulse Input

Sejumlah tracer, No diinjeksi satu kali ke dalam aliran feed secara
Experiment
efisen dan cepat. Konsentrasi oultet diukur per waktu.

Analisis Single-Input & SingleOutput

Dimana:
= jumlah tracer yang meninggalkan reaktor antara
waktu t & t+t
= inkremen waktu
= konsentrasi keluaran tracer
Fraksi material dengan RTD di antara t dan t + t
Dimana:
N0 = Total material terinjeksi
E(t) = RTD
Function

Jika N0 tidak diketahui langsung

Persamaan diintegralkan, menjadi:

Maka, definisi E(t) menjadi:

Bentuk integral RTD function

Contoh Soal 13-1

A sample of the tracer hytane at 320 K was injected as a pulse to a
reactor, and the effluent concentration was measured as a function
of time, resulting in the data shown in Tabel E13-1.1

Contoh Soal 13-1

a.

Menggambar kurva C(t) dan E(t) sebagai fungsi waktu

b.

Menentukan fraksi material meninggalkan reaktor yang telah

berada selama 3-6 menit dan 7.75-8.25 menit dalam reaktor

c.

Menentukan fraksi material meninggalkan reaktor yang telah

berada selama 3 menit atau kurang dalam reaktor

Jawaban
a.

Data pada Tabel E13-1.1 digunakan untuk memplot kurva

seperti di bawah

Untuk memperoleh E(t) dari kurva C(t) dilakukan perhitungan luas

kurva C(t) dengan metode Simpson 1/3 dan N+1 genap (lihat slide
selanjutnya).

Menghitung Integral
Simpson 1/3

Untuk N+1, N genap:

Simpson 3/8

Maka, E(t) dapat dihitung dengan membagi C(t) dengan 50.0 g min/m 3

Sehingga diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut:

b.

Data yang diperoleh diplot pada grafik di bawah. Bagian kurva yang diarsir
menunjukkan fraksi material meninggalkan reaktor yang telah berada 3-6
menit dalam reaktor. Luas kurva ini dihitung dengan metode Simpson 3/8
(lihat 2 slide sebelum).

51% material meninggalkan reaktor setelah 3-6 menit di

dalam reaktor
3.0% material meninggalkan reaktor setelah 7.75-8.25
menit di dalam reaktor

c.

Fraksi material yang meninggalkan reaktor setelah berada di dalamnya selama

3 menit atau kurang adalah luas bagian kurva dari x = 0-3.

Dari perhitungan, 20% material meninggalkan reaktor

setelah 7.75-8.25 menit di dalam reactor.

Kendala Pulse Input

Sulit dalam memperoleh pulse yang cukup pada inlet reaktor
Injeksi harus dilakukan dalam periode sangat pendek
Dispersi antara titik injeksi dan masukan pada reaktor harus
sangat kecil hingga dapat diabaikan
Kurang akurat apabila kurva C(t) vs waktu memiliki tail terlalu
panjang

13.2.2 Step Tracer Experiment

The second most used method of injection is step

input. In this method, we will formulate a more
general relationship between time-varying injection
and the corresponding concentration in the effluent.
We shall state: the output concentration from vessel
is related to the input concentration, by convolution
integral:

Pulse input (Dirac delta func.)

Inlet concentration

Imperfect pulse injection (Fig 13.4)

Step input

We can determine the cumulative distribution F(t)

directly from step input. A step input in the tracer
concentration for a system with constant Q. Consider
a constant rate of tracer addition to a feed that is
initiated at time t=0.

Because inlet concentration is a constant with time, it

can form integral function:

Differentiate this expression to obtain the RTD function E(t):

The disadvantages of this technique:

- Difficult to maintain a constant tracer concentration in the feed
- Differentiation can, on occasion, lead to large errors.
- Large amount of tracer used for this test = expensive.
Other tracer techniques, such as negative step (i.e elution),
frequency-response methods, and methods that use input order
than steps or pulses. These methods are more difficult, so they
arent explained on this chapter.

Characteristics of the
RTD
13.3

Characteristics of the RTD

E(t) sometimes called exit-age distribution function. E(t) concerns the
age of distribution of the effluent stream, which is most used of distribution
functions connected with reactor analysis because it characterizes the
lengths of time various atoms spend at reaction conditions.
Integral relationships of E(t) expressed continuously:

This equation defined as cumulative distribution function and caller it F(t).

We can calculate F(t) at various times t from the area under the curve of E(t)
vs t.

For example, in Figure E13-1.3, F(t) at 3 min was 0,20, means that 20% of
molecules spent 3 min or less in the reactor.
The shape of F(t) curve is shown. Using E13-1.3 we can calculate F(t)=0,4 at 4
minutes. We can continue in this manner to construct F(t), in Fig 13-5.

The F curve is another function that has been defined as normalized response to a
particular input. Eq. 13-12 has been used as definition of F(t) and has been stated
that as a result it can be obtained as the response to a positive-step tracer test.

 Mean Residence Time

In the absence of dispersion, and for constant volumetric flow (v=v o) no matter
what RTD exists for a particulate reactor, ideal or non ideal, this nominal
space time, , is equal to the first moment of RTD function E(t). Thus, the
mean residence time is:
(13-14)

How to determine the total reactor volume using the cumulative distribution
function.
Prove tnt = for constant volumetric flow v=vo.
Volume of maize molecule, dV, leaving the reactor in a time dt:

Bycompleting the equation, therefore:

The right hand side is just the mean residence time, and we see
that the mean residence time is just the space time . So, = tm.
This result is the true only for closed system. The exact
volume is determined from the eq:

 Oher Moments of RTD

It is very common to compare RTDs by using their moments instead of

trying to compare their entire distribution. For this purpose, three
moments normally used. The second moment commonly used is taken
about the mean and is called the variance. Defined by:

The third moment is also taken about the mean and is related to the
skewness. The skewness defined by:

Diagnostics and
Troubleshooting
13.5.

General Comments
RTD can be used to diagnose problems in existing reactors
The RTD func- tions E(r) and F(t) can be used to model the real
reactor as combinations of ideal reactors

Typical RTDs Resulting From Different Non-ideal

Reactor

(a) RTD for near plug-Row reactor: (b) RTD for near perfectly mixed CSTR (c)
Packed-bed reactor with dead zones and channeling (d) RTD for packed-bed reactor
in (c); (e) tank reactur with short-circuiting bypass; (f) RTD for tank reactor with
channeling (by passing or short circuiting) and a dead zone in which the tracer
slowly diffuses in and out

Diagnostics and Troubleshooting Using

the RTD for ldeal Reactors: CSTR

Mole mass balance:

Respon to a pulse tracer:

Where is the
space time

(a) Perfect Operation

If is large, there wiIl be a slow decay of the output transient. C(t)

and ECtj for a pulse input. If t is small, there will be rapid decay of the
transient, C(t). and E(t) for a pulse input.

(b) By-passing
A volumetric flow rate UB, bypasses the reactor whiIe a
volumetric flow rate us enters the system volume and (Uo
= USB + UB)
The subscript SB denotes that part of the flow has
bypassed and only USB enters the system. Because some
of the fluid bypasses, the flow passing though the system
will be less an the total volumetric rate, U SB < Uo ,
consequently SB >
SB wil be greater than that if there were no bypassing.

We see from the F(f) curve that we have an initial jump equal to the fraction bypassed.

(c) Dead Volume

Because there is a dead volume which the fluid does not enter,
there is less system volume, VSD, than in the case of perfect
operation, VSD < V. Consequently, the fluid will pass through the
reactor with the dead volume more quickly than that of perfect
operation.
the transients C(t) and E(t) will decay more rapidly - than that for
perfect operation, because there is a smaller system vol- ume.

Diagnostics and Troubleshooting Using the

RTD for ldeal Reactors: Tubular Reactor
A. Perfect Operation of PFR
Space time for perfect PFR are,

B. PFR with Channeling (bypassing)

Space time for the reactor system with by passing are,

Because USB < U0 the space time for the

case of bypassing is greater when
compared to perfect operation

C. PFR with Dead Volume

The dead volume, VD could be manifested by internal circulation
a the entrance to the reactor as shown in Figure 13-17.

Compared to perfect operation, the space time SD is smaller and

the tracer spike will occur before for perfect operation.

PFR/CSTR Series RTD

Stirred tank reactors can be modeled as a series of perfectly
mixed CSTR (vicinity near impeller) and PFR (path before/after
pefectly-mixed zone)

PFR/CSTR Series RTD

Consider the CSTR followed by the PFR
CSTR residence time: S
PFR residence time: P

Pulse tracer injected into CSTR

CSTR output concentration as function of time becomes:
RTD of reactor system:

PFR/CSTR Series RTD

RTD curves E(t) and F(t) for CSTR-PFR series:

Consider the PFR followed by the CSTR: the same pulse will
appear at the entrance of the perfectly mixed section P d

PFR/CSTR Series RTD

RTD of the reactor system will be exactly the same as when the
CSTR was followed by PFR.
The sequence of CSTR and PFR in the system creates the same
RTD results.

Ex 13-3: Comparing SecondOrder Reaction Systems

First system: CSTR followed by PFR
Second system: PFR followed by CSTR
s = P = 1 min
k = 1.0 m3/kmol.min
C A0 = 1 kmol/m3
Find the conversion in each system.

Ex 13-3: Comparing SecondOrder Reaction Systems

First system:

Second system:

Ex 13-3: Comparing SecondOrder Reaction Systems

First system:
CSTR mole balance:

PFR mole balance:

Conversion: ([1 - 0.382]/1) = 0.618 = 61.8%

Ex 13-3: Comparing SecondOrder Reaction Systems

Second system:
PFR mole balance:

CSTR mole balance:

Conversion: ([1 - 0.366]/1) = 0.634 = 63.4%

PFR/CSTR Series RTD

Conversion results are different, despite only a small
difference.
RTD is not a complete description of structure for a particular
reactor or system of reactors.
RTD is unique for a particular reactor
Reactor is not unique for a particular RTD

RTD alone is not sufficient to determine its performance and

more information is needed.

Part 2:
Predicting Conversion
and Exit Concentration

Reactor Modeling Using

the RTD
13.6

Part 2 : Predicting Conversion and Exit

Concentration
13.6.
Reactor Modeling Using the RTD
Model to predict conversion in real
reactor

Ways we use the RTD data to predict conversion in non ideal reactors

13.6. Reactor Modeling Using

the RTD
The RTD tells us how long the various fluid elements have been
in the reactor
The mixing of reacting species is one of the major factors
controlling the behavior of chemical reactors
For first-order reactions the conversion is independent of
concentration

13.6. Reactor Modeling Using

the RTD
Macromixing:
produces a distribution of residence times without, however, specifying how
molecules of different ages encounter one another in the reactor.
Micromixing:
describes how molecules of different ages encounter one another in the reactor.
2 extremes of micromixing:
1.

all molecules of the same age group remain together as they travel through
the reactor and are not mixed with any other age until they exit the reacto
(example : complete segregation)

2.

molecules of different age groups are compIetely mixed at the molecular

level ar soon as they enter the reactor (example: complete micromixing)

13.6. Reactor Modeling Using the RTD

Macrofluid
A fluid in which the globules of a
given age do not mix with other
globules
,
and
could
be
visualized
as
noncoalescent
globules
where
all
the
molecules in a given globule
have the same age

Microfluid
A fluid in which molecules are not
constrained to remain in the
globule and are free to move
everywhere

Zero- Parameter
Models
13.7

Segregation Model

The elements remain segregated from each other and

The extremes
of complete
micromixing
the fluid is termed
completely
segregated
if fluid
and complete
are the
elements of different
ages dosegregation
not mix together
at
limits of the micromixing of a reacting
all
mixture.
In the segregation model globules
behave as batch reactors operated for
different times

Segregation Model
Another way of looking at the
segregation model for a
continuous flow system is the
PFR shown in figure below.

Segregation Model
The fluid flows down the reactor in plug flow
Each exit stream corresponds
residence time in the reactor

to

specific

Batches of molecules are removed from the reactor

at different locations along the reactor in such a
manner as to dupIicate the RTD function, E(t).
The molecules removed near the entrance to the
reactor correspond to those molecules having short
residence times in the reactor

Segregation Model
The reaction time in any one of these tinybatch
reactors is equal to the time that the particular
globule spends in the reaction environment
The distribution of residence times among the
globules is given by the RTD of the particular reactor

Segregation Model

Segregation Model

For a batch reactor:

For constant volume and with

Segregation Model
Thus if we have the RTD, the reaction
rate expression,then ,for a segregared
flow situarion (i. e., model), we have
suficient information to calculate the
conversion
Consider the following first-order
reaction:

For a batch reactor:

For constant volume and with

Segregation Model
Solving for X (t)

Main conversion for a first-order reaction

Example 13-5:
Mean Conversion Calculations in a Real
Reactor
Calculate the mean conversion in the reactor we have
characterized by RTD measurements In Examples 13-1 and 13-2
for a first-order, liquid-phase, Irreversible reaction in a
completely segregated fluid:

The specific reaction rate is 0.1 min-1 320

K.

Solution 13-5

Solution 13-5

For a given RTD,

the segregation

model gives the

upper bound
on conversion

for reaction orders

less than zero or

greater than 1.

Solution 13-5

Solution 13-5

Maximum Mixedness Model

The reactor exit is, of course, the latest possible point that
mixing can occur, and any effect of mixing is postponed until
after all reaction has taken place as shown in Figure 13-23. We
can also think of completely segregated flow as being in a state
of minimum mixedness.
We now want to consider the other extreme, that of maximum
mixedness consistent with a given residence-time distribution

 We return again to the plug-flow reactor with side

entrances, only this time the fluid enters the reactor along
its length (Figure 13-24). As soon as the fluid enters the
reactor, it is completely mixed radially (but not
longitudinally) with the other fluid already in the reactor.
The entering fluid is fed into the reactor through the side
entrances in such a manner that the RTD of the plug-flow
reactor with side entrances is identical to the RTD of the
real reactor

 In a reactor with side entrances, let be the time it takes for

the fluid to move from a particular point to the end of the
reactor. ln other words, is the life expectancy of the fluid in
the reactor at that point (Figure 13-25).

 Consider the fluid that enters the reactor through the

sides of volume V in Figure 13-25. The fluid that
enters here will have a life expectancy between and
+ . The fraction of fluid that will have this life
expectancy between the product of the total
volumetric flow rate, vo, and the fraction of the total
that has life expectancy between and + is E()
. That is the volumetric rate of fluid entering
through the sides of volume is vo E() .

 The volumetric flow rate at . V, is the flow rate that entered

at +, V+ plus what entered through the sides Vo E()
, i.e.,

The volumetric Row rate Vo at the entrance to the reactor

(X= 0) is zero because the fluid only enters through the sides
along the length.

 Integrating

equation (13-57) with limits V, = 0 at , = and

v = v at = , we obtain

 The boundary condition is as h + 03, then CA = CAO for

Equation (13-62) [or X = 0 for Equation (1 3-64)].
To obtain a solution, the equation is integrated backwards
numerically, starting at a very large value of and ending
with the final conversion at = 0. For a given RTD and
reaction orders greater than one, the maximum mixedness
model gives the lower bound on conversion.

Comparing Xseg and Xmm

Comparing Xseg and Xmm

Xseg is conversion predicted by segregation model
Xmm is conversion predicted with maximum mixedness model
Difference of Xseg and Xmm is significant no matter how small when
X > 0.99 is desire, such as in toxic waste destruction.

Using Software
Packages
13.8

Solving a Problem using ODE

Software Packages

Fitting the
E(t) Curve
to
Polynomial

Segregation
Model

Maximum
Mixedness
Model

Solving a Problem using ODE Solver:

Fitting the E(t) Curve to Polynomial

Finding mean conversion () by integrating between t = 0 and t = .

Obtaining mole balance on X(t) from batch reactor:

Write the rate law in terms of conversion:

Solving a Problem using ODE Solver:

Fitting the E(t) Curve to Polynomial
Specify E(t) and F(t).

Combine differential equation of X, E(t) and F(t) equations, and input to ODE
Solver.

Solving a Problem using ODE Solver:

Fitting the E(t) Curve to Polynomial
Do E1(t) and E2(t) polynomial trial and see if it matches the curve at the top.

See if E2(t) negative, use IF statements in the fitting program.

Check the area under E(t) curve. It must be virtually one and the cumulative
distribution F(t) at long times is never greater than 1.

Solving a Problem using ODE

Solver: Segregation Model

Solve the equation using ODE Solver to get the mean of exit conversion and
the conversion at any time.

Solving a Problem using ODE S

Solver: Maximum Mixedness Model
If
the software packages won't integrate backwards, we need to
change the variable such that the integration proceeds forward
as decreases from some large value to zero.
Form a new variable z
Z is the difference between the longest time measured in the E(t)
curve, T, and .

Solving a Problem using ODE S

Solver: Maximum Mixedness Model
It is now integrates between the limit z = O and z = 200 to find the exit
conversion at z = 200 which corresponds to = 0.
See if the polynomial and make sure that it does not become negative at
large times.
Make sure in the maximum mixedness calculations is that the term does
not go to zero.
If so, setting the maximum value of F(t) at 0.999 rather than 1.0.
Integrate the polynomial for E(t) to get F(t) and then setting the maximum value
of F(I) at 0.999.

If F(t) is ever greater than one when fitting a polynomial, the solution will
blow up when integrating the last equation numericaIIy.

13.8.1 Heat Effects

Pendekatan ini hanya akan berlaku untuk reaksi fase cair karena
laju aliran volumetrik tetap konstan.
Untuk operasi adiabatik dan Cp=0

Laju reaksi spesifiknya:

Dengan asumsi bahwa E (r) tidak dipengaruhi oleh variasi suhu

di reaktor

RTD and Multiple

Reactions
13.9

13.9.1 Segregation Model

Dalam model pemisahan kita mempertimbangkan
setiap globules di reaktor untuk memiliki konsentrasi
yang berbeda dari reaktan (CA) dan produk (Cp).

Untuk reaktor batch konstan volumenya, di mana reaksi

q sedang berlangsung, persamaan keseimbangan
molnya adalah

 Persamaan-persamaan ini diselesaikan secara simultan

dengan persamaan di bawah ini u ntuk menghasilkan
konsentrasi akhir

13.9.2 Maximum Mixedness

Untuk menghitung maximum mixedness digunakan rumus:

Perbandingan Reaktor
Batch dan Kontinyu

BATCH

a single- or multi-stage process in which a certain

quantity of inputs (raw materials, auxiliary
materials, energy, etc.) are fed into the chemical
reaction unit (of the entire reaction) under
conditions suitable for obtaining the desired
reaction (temperature, pressure, required time,
etc.)

and at the
same time a
constant
CONTINUOUS
extraction of
outputs is
done
(products, byproducts,
energy, etc.).

BATCH

In the batch process, in the reactor and at any

given period of time, various actions take place in
the wake of which a concentration of reactants and
products varies so long as the reaction progresses.

At the conclusion of the process the mixture is

removed from the reactor and it then undergoes the
appropriate separation and processing stages
(either physical or chemical) at the required level of
cleanliness.

in a durable
state and
control of the
CONTINUOUS
process is
done by
maintaining
these
concentration
s.

BATCH

In the batch process, the shift from one stage to the

next is carried out in series and so the overall time
of the process is, in fact, the sum of the times
required for the various stages, and it is relatively
extensive.

In contrast, the required volume of the tanks for a

specific batch process is greater than that required
for a parallel continuous process.

CONTINUOUS

In the continuous
process, all the stages
are carried out
simultaneously
(although possibly in
different parts of the
system), and so the
overall time required
for the process is
shortened.

BATCH

In general terms, a batch installation requires

more manpower while a continuous installation
requires greater computerized and automated
control. Experience shows us that over time, an
initial investment in control is more feasible that
the high day-to-day costs of manpower.

CONTINUOUS

Continuous
Batch Process
Process
Types of
materials

Can be used with all types

of materials (with non-flow
materials, it is easier to
use the batch process).

Installation
size

Relatively large
installations. Very big
investment in land and
installations.
Changes occur in the
concentrations of
materials over time.

Reactor

Feeding raw Raw materials are fed

before the start of the
materials
reaction.

Easier for use with

flowing materials
(today, almost any
material can be
produced with the
continuous process;
investment cost is the
decisive factor).
Relatively small
installations.
Significant savings in
land and installations.
At all locations,
conditions are
constant over time
(durable conditions).
Constant feeding of
raw materials during
the entire reaction

Continuous
Batch Process
Process
Control of the
set of actions
in the system

Product(s)

Trouble
shooting

Simple control. It is easier to

control reaction conditions
(pH, pressure, temperature).
Manual control can also be
done.

Extraction of materials only

after all the actions are
finished with the conclusion
of the reaction.
A fault or dealing with a
batch requiring repair does
not cause problems in the
other stages. Appropriate
tests are conducted after
each stage.

Complex control.
Automatic control must
be used. Control of
reactor conditions is
more difficult. Control
must be exercised over
the rate of flow of the
materials.
Continuous extraction of
products at all times
during the reaction.
The installations are
interconnected, so a
fault in one causes a
stoppage in all the
others. Material that has
been damaged cannot
be repaired under the
same working
conditions. It must be

Batch Process
Quantities
produced
Variety of
products in
the plant
Product
developme
nt stage

Preferable when
production of small
quantities of a specific
material are planned.
Preferable when the plant
produces a wide variety of
materials and when the
product is likely to be
changed now and again,
while using the same
reactor.
Preferable when the
process is relatively new
and still unfamiliar. In this
case the initial investment
is in a smaller batch
reactor, and thus the
economic risk is smaller.

Continuous
Process
Preferable for large
scale production.
Preferable for a central
and permanent
product.

Preferable after the

conclusion of all the
stages of grossing-up
and economic
feasibility tests.

In both methods:
Recycling of raw materials according to economic feasibility can
be carried out.
Required product quality can be attained in accordance with
customer requirements and economic feasibility.
Optimal efficiency can be attained according to reaction
conditions and economic feasibility.

Perbedaan
t dan

t merupakan lama waktu yang ditentukan sebagai

basis dalam berbagai konteks perhitungan atau
persamaan.

atau tou
merupakan
lama waktu
tinggal suatu
material
dalam

reaktor.

THANKS!