Satellite

Group Members:
Rizwan Ghafoor(6104)
Shahid Yaqoob(6123)
Hasnain Rasheed(6131)

Contents:

Definition of Satellite
History Of Satellite
Types of Satellite
How satellite works
Satellite Services
Some Questions about satellite
Major Problems of Satellite
Applications of Satellite
Conclusion

SATELLITE :
An artificial body placed in orbit around the earth to
collect information or for communication.

An object in an orbit is called a satellite.

A satellite can be natural, like the Moon, or

human -made. Satellites can travel around

planets or around stars such as our Sun.

be considered a
satellite, as it is orbiting
either the Earth or the
Sun.

History Of Satellite
Sputnik I.

TIROS-1 Weather

Satellite
ERTS Satellite
GOES
(Geostationary
Operational
Environmental
Satellite)
ARYABHATTA
Nasa Satellite
Pakistan Satellite

Sputnik I.

Sputnik-1

On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union

successfully launched Sputnik I. The world's

first artificial satellite was about the size of a
basketball, weighed only 183 pounds, and took
about 98 minutes to orbit the Earth on its path

The first satellite that was used for communication purpose in

INDIA was ARYABHATTA and it was launched in 19 th April.1975.

APPLE was launched in space which was the first Indian
Experimental communication satellite. Chandrayaan-1)). It
was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation in
October 2008, and operated until August 2009.

 1960

First Orbiting Observations (TIROS-1 Weather

Satellite)
The first aerial images of the Earth from space were
taken by TIROS 1 (Television Infrared Observation
Satellite). TIROS 1 was launched in 1960 to find out if it
was possible to watch cloud cover and weather patterns
from space. Although it was an experimental satellite,
TIROS images were immediately put to use by
meteorologists

Nasa Satellite
NASA has launched many satellites into space. The

first was Explorer 1 in 1958. Explorer was America's

first man-made satellite. The first satellite picture
of Earth came from NASA's Explorer 6 in 1959.

1972
First Surveying Satellite (Landsat)
The first Landsat satellite was called the Earth Resources
Technology Satellite, or ERTS. Since its launch on July 23, 1972,
six Landsats have followed, with the latest, Landsat 7, lifting off
on April 15, 1999. Over the years successive Landsats have not
only carried better land-viewing sensors, but they have created a
valuable archive of images that are being used to see how the
land is changing over the years.

 1974

First Geostationary Satellite

(GOES)
Best
known
as
weather
satellites,
the
first
GOES
(Geostationary
Operational
Environmental Satellite) was
launched on October 16, 1974.
Their high orbits and visiblelight and infrared sensors allow
for constant surveillance of
weather patterns over the
entire planet and have enabled
GOES to revolutionize the
science of weather prediction.
GOES-10, launched in 1998,
images the 48 contiguous U.S.
states every five minutes.

Satellite from
Pakistan

Pakistan has 'launched' three missions:

BADR A (an experimental, low-earth satellite) in 1990

PAKSAT-1R (a geostationary, telecommunications satellite) in
2011
ICube-1 (an Earth-imaging cubesat) in 2013

Types of Satellite
Active Satellite
Passive
Satellite

Active Satellite:
It is one in which the signal is amplified and its frequency
changed by transponder, before it sent back to earth.
Example:communication,broadcasting satellites

Passive Satellite:
These type of satellites simply reflects or scatters the
micro wave signal back to another station
Example: military and non profitable servieces

How Satellite Works:

Two Stations on Earth want to

communicate through radio

broadcast but are too far away
to use conventional means.
The two stations can use a
satellite as a relay station for
their communication.
One Earth Station sends a
transmission to the satellite.
This is called a Uplink.
The satellite Transponder
converts the signal and sends
it down to the second earth
station. This frequency is
called a Downlink.

 Satellites provide links in two ways. Firstly a satellite

provide point to point communication link between

one ground station and the other. One ground station
transmit signal to the other satellite and next ground
station receives them from the satellite. Secondly,
satellite receives signals from one ground station and
transmits to them to the number of ground receivers.
Most satellite use frequency bandwidth through from
5.92 to 6.4GHz from transmission of data from earth to
the satellite and a frequency bandwidth from 3.7 to
4.1GHz for transmission from satellite to the earth.

What Are the Parts of a

Satellite?
Satellites come in many shapes and sizes.

But most have at least two parts in

common - an antenna and a power source.
The antenna is used to send and receive
information. The power source can be a
solar panel or battery. Solar panels make
power by turning sunlight into electricity.

How Do Satellites Orbit

Earth?
Most satellites are launched into space on

rockets. A satellite orbits Earth when its

speed is balanced by the pull of Earth's
gravity. Without this balance, the satellite
would fly in a straight line off into space or
fall back to Earth. the formula v=(GM/R)1/2
applies, where v is velocity of the satellite, G
is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of
the planet, and R is the distance from the
center of the Earth.

Satellite Services:
The basic elements of a communication satellite service are

divided between;

Space Segment
Ground Segment
The space segment consist of the spacecraft & launch

mechanism.
The ground segment comprises the earth station and
network control center of entire satellite system.

Space Segment:

Space segment consist of a

satellite in suitable orbit.
Space segment classified on
the basis of orbit.
LEO
MEO
GEO

Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO):
LEO satellites are much closer to the

earth than GEO satellites, ranging from

500 to 1,500 km above the surface.
Revolution time:90 min
Advantages:
Reduces transmission delay
Eliminates need for bulky receiving
equipment.
Disadvantages:
Smaller coverage area.
Shorter life span (5-8 yrs.) than
GEOs
(10 yrs).

Medium Earth Orbit

(MEO)
A MEO satellite is in orbit
somewhere between 8,000 km
and 18,000 km above the
earths surface.
MEO satellites are similar to
LEO satellites in functionality.
MEO satellites are visible for
much longer periods of time
than LEO satellites, usually
between 2 to 8 hours.
MEO satellites have a larger
coverage area than LEO
satellites.

Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO):

These satellites are in orbit
35,863 km above the earths
surface along the equator.
A
geostationary
satellite
travels from west to east over
the equator. It moves in the
same direction and at the
same rate Earth is spinning.
From Earth, a geostationary
satellite looks like it is
standing still since it is always
above the same location.

Coverage to 40% of planet per satellite.

Ground Segment:

The ground Segment of each service has

Services like;
FSS
BSS
MSS

Service Types:
Fixed Service Satellites (FSS)

Example: Point to Point Communication

Broadcast Service Satellites (BSS)
Example: Satellite Television/Radio
Also called Direct Broadcast Service (DBS).
Mobile Service Satellites (MSS)
Example: Satellite Phones

Some Questions?
Why
Satellites
Important?
How Are
many
Satellites
in
space?
How Does NASA Use
Satellites?
Why Don't Satellites Crash
Into Each Other?
Major problems for satellites?

Why Are Satellites

Important?
The bird's-eye view that satellites have allows them to

see large areas of Earth at one time. This ability means

satellites can collect more data, more quickly, than
instruments on the ground.
Satellites also can see into space better than
telescopes at Earth's surface. That's because satellites
fly above the clouds, dust and molecules in the
atmosphere that can block the view from ground level.
Before satellites, TV signals didn't go very far. TV
signals only travel in straight lines. So they would
quickly trail off into space instead of following Earth's
curve.

How many Satellites in space?

The United Nations Office for Outer Space

Affairs (UNOOSA) monitors, and maintains

a searchable database of, objects launched
into space. According to UNOOSA, at the
end of August 2015, there were 4 077
satellites orbiting the Earth.

How Does NASA Use

Satellites?
NASA satellites help scientists study all kinds of

things.
Satellites provide information about Earth's clouds,
oceans, land and air. They also can observe
wildfires, volcanoes and smoke. All this information
helps scientists predict weather and climate. It
helps farmers know what crops to plant. It helps
control the spread of disease. And it helps with
response to emergencies.

Why Don't Satellites

Crash Into Each Other?
Actually, they can. NASA and other U.S. and

international organizations keep track of satellites in

space. Collisions are rare because when a satellite
is launched, it is placed into an orbit designed to
avoid other satellites. But orbits can change over
time. And the chances of a crash increase as more
and more satellites are launched into space.
In February 2009, two communications satellites one American and one Russian - collided in space.
This, however, is believed to be the first time two
man-made satellites have collided accidentally.

Major problems for

satellites:

Positioning in orbit
Stability
Power
Communications
Harsh Environment

Applications:

Applications:

Telephony
- Fixed points, earth station, Satellite,.

Television & Radio

- e.g. Direct broadcast satellite (DBS) & Fixed service satellite (FFS)

Mobile satellite technology

- Special antenna called mobile satellite antenna.
- No matter where or how this antenna is mounted

Internet

- High Speed.
- Useful for far away places.

Military
- Uses geostationary satellites.
- Example: The Defense Satellite Communications

Conclusion:
Satellites remain

the best utilization

used for
communications due
to their speed and
other advantages
mentioned in this
presentation.

Thank You..!!!!!