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Scalars
Scalar quantities
Specified by a single value with an appropriate unit and
has no direction.
Invariant under coordinate transformations
Ex: Mass
Vectors
has both magnitude and direction
Ex: Torque
Graphical Method in
Vectors
A vector is a quantity that can be represented
by directed(arrow-tipped) line segment.
Example
A person walks 200 m east, pauses, and then continues
400m east
Parallelogram Method
-tail to tail
Example:
a person walk 4 m east and then 2 m north.
Example
A hiker walks 13km due east, then 18kmnorth, and
finally 3km west.
What is the total distance walked by the hiker?
Determine the total displacement from the starting
point.
Drills
An airplane flying toward 0 at 90km/h is being
blown toward 90 at 50km/h. What is the
resultant velocity of the plane?
Drills
A motorboat travels at 8.5m/s. It heads straight
across a river 110m wide.
If the water flows downstream at a rate of 3.8
m/s, what is the boats resultant velocity?
How long does it take the boat to reach the
opposite shore?
How far downstream is the boat when it
reaches the other side?
Component of Vectors
just as two vectors can be represented by a
single vector(resultant), a single vector can be
resolve into its component.
Vector Resolution-The process of finding the
magnitude of a component in a given direction
y
componen
t
x
component
...Component of Vectors
A person walks 5m in the direction 37 N of E.
How far north and how far east had he walked?
37
Mechanics
The study of the relationship among forces, matter,
and _____.
Kinematics
Deals with the description
of motion without regard to
its _____
Dynamics
Studies the relationship
of motion to its cause
Mechanics
The science that seeks to provide a precise and
...
Position
The separation between the body and the reference point
Distance VS Displacement
Displacement
Change of position of an object.
Recall:
Position is described in terms of a reference point.
It is a vector quantity
Distance
A separation of two points without any specified
reference point.
It is a scalar quantity
Drills
A motorboat travels at 8.5m/s. It heads straight
across a river 110m wide.
If the water flows downstream at a rate of 3.8
m/s, what is the boats resultant velocity?
How long does it take the boat to reach the
opposite shore?
How far downstream is the boat when it
reaches the other side?
3. Two cars 100m apart are approaching each other. One car
is travelling at 3m/s and the other is at 5m/s. How far from
their initial position must each car travel before they will
meet? What is the time elapsed?
5m/s
3m/s
Seatwork
1. A student went to the canteen at a walking speed of 0.3m/s.
He had gone 10m already when his friend decided to follow
him by walking at a speed of 1.1m/s. How much distance must
his classmate have to travel before he could overtake him?
10
m
Acceleration
Acceleration- describes the rate of change of velocity with
time
Note: velocity can change in three ways
a. Change in speed, either increase or
decrease
b. Change in direction
c. Change in speed as well as direction
Recall: Velocity describes the rate of change of position with
time
- Like velocity, acceleration is a vector
quantity
Constant Acceleration
Acceleration that does not change in time
Acceleration is uniform
Motions of this kind is termed as uniformly accelerated motions
The velocity-time graph of constant acceleration is a straight line
Velocity of an object with constant
acceleration
Example:
1. If a car with a velocity of 2.0 m/s at t=0 accelerates at a rate of
+4.0m/s/s for 2.5s, what is its velocity at time t=2.5s?
v=?
4m/s/s
2.5s
t=0
2m/s
Sample Problem
1. What is the displacement of a train as it is accelerated
uniformly from +11m/s to +33m/s in a 20.0-s interval
11m/s
d=?
33m/s
20s
7.5m/s
d=9m
4.4s
Sample Problems
1. A car starting from rest accelerates uniformly at
+6.1m/s/s for 7s. How far does the car move?
t=7s
d=?
2. Starting from rest, the race car moves 110m in the first 5.0s
of uniform acceleration. What is the cars acceleration?
t=5s
d=110m
Solving for
Sample Problem
1. An airplane must reach a velocity of 71m/s for takeoff. If the
runway is 1.0km long, what must the constant acceleration be
71m/s
1km
a=?
seatwork
A motorist traveling with constant
velocity of 15m/s passes a schoolcrossing corner, where the speed
limit is 10m/s. Just as the motorist
passes, a police officer on a
motorcycle stopped at the corner
starts off in pursuit with constant
acceleration of 3m/s/s. How much
time elapses before the officer
catches up with the motorist?
Aristotles view
violent motion-resulted from pushing or pulling forces.
violent motion was imposed motion.
Galileos view
-Galileo was concerned with how things move rather than why
things move.
-he showed that experiment rather than logic is the best
test of knowledge.
-he developed the concept of acceleration in his
experiments on inclined planes.
Galileo found
greater
acceleration for
steeper inclines.
The ball attains
its maximum
acceleration
when the incline
is tipped
vertically
Note:
all problems involving motion of falling objects can be
solve by using constant-acceleration equations.
Recall:
Acceleration a is
replaced by
acceleration due to
gravity g
Sample problem
1. An apple falls freely from a tree.
a. What is its velocity after 0.5seconds
b. How far does the apple fall during this time-0.5s
Sample problem
2. A tennis ball is thrown straight up in the air with an
initial velocity of 22.5m/s. How high does the ball rise.
Seatwork
1. Ten seconds after starting from rest, a
freely-falling object will have a speed of
about _____.
2. An object is in free-fall. At one instant, it
travels at a speed of 50m/s. Exactly one
second later, its speed is about ______
3. Starting from rest, the distance a freelyfalling object will fall in 10seconds is about
______
4. A man falls 1.0m to the floor.
a. how long does the fall take
b. how fast is he going when he hits the
floor
5. A pitcher throws a ball straight up with an
initial speed of 27m/s
a. How long does it take the ball to reach
its highest point?
b. How high does the ball rise above its
Sample Problem:
1. You are on the roof of a Physics building, 46m
above the ground. Your Physics teacher, who is 1.8m
tall, is walking alongside the building at a constant
speed 1.20m/s . If you wish to drop an egg on your
teachers head, where should your teacher be when
you release the egg? Assume that the egg is in free
fall.
340m/s
Motion-Motion
Dimensions
Projectile
Projectile- any
body that is givenin
an Two
initial velocity
and then
follows a path determined entirely by the effects of
gravitational acceleration and air resistance
Vertical
component
Horizontal
component
Combined horizontal
and vertical motion
Vertical motion only
with gravity
60
75
45
30
15
10m/s
20m/s
30m/s
40m/s
10m/s
20m/s
30m/s
40m/s
Sample problem
1. A stone is thrown horizontally at 15m/s from the top
of a cliff 44m high. How long does the stone take to
reach the bottom of the cliff? How far from the base
of the cliff does the stone strike the ground.
2. The initial velocity of the ball was 4.47m/s at an
angle of 66degrees above the horizontal. How long
did it took the ball to land? How high did the ball
flew. What was its range?
Seatwork
1. A motorcycle stunt rider rides off the edge of a cliff.
Just at the edge his velocity is horizontal, with
magnitude 9.0m/s. Find the motorcycles position,
distance from the edge of the cliff, and velocity
after 0.50s.
2. The Germans used a long-range gun named Big
Bertha in World War I to bombard Paris. Its muzzle
velocity was 1450m/s. Find its predicted range,
maximum height, and projectile time of flight if
angle is 55