Bacterial Cell, Plant

Cell, Animal Cell,

Antibiotics &
Viruses
diane mary grace
baguio

BACTERIAL CELL STRUCTURE

PLANT CELL STRUCTURE

ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE

PARTS

BACTERIAL
CELL

PLANT CELL

ANIMAL CELL

Nucleus

Absent

Present

Present

Cilia

Absent

It is very rare

Present

Shape

Either round,
rodshapedor
spiral

Rectangular (fixed
shape)

Round (irregular
shape)

Plant cells have

chloroplasts
Animal cells don't
because they make have chloroplasts
their own food
Present
Present

Chloroplast

Absent

Cytoplasm

Present

Endoplasmic
Reticulum (Smooth
and Rough)

Absent

Present

Present

Ribosomes

Present

Present

Present

Mitochondria

Absent

Vacuole

Absent

Present
Present
One, large central One or more small
vacuole taking up
vacuoles (much
90% of cell
smaller than plant
volume.
cells).

BACTERIAL
CELL

PLANT CELL

ANIMAL CELL

Centrioles

Absent

Only present in
lower plant
forms.

Present in all
animal cells

Plastids

Absent

Present

Absent

Golgi Apparatus

Absent

Present

Present

Cell wall

Present

Present

Absent

Plasma
Membrane

Present

Cell wall and a

cell membrane

Only cell
membrane

Microtubules/
Microfilaments

Absent

Present

Present

PARTS

Flagella
Lysosomes

Present
Absent

May be found in May be found in

some cells
some cells
Lysosomes
usually not
evident.

Lysosomes occur
in cytoplasm.

Why is it that cell walls are

considered as good targets for
antibiotics like penicillin?

Most antibiotics achieve in killing

infectious bacteria by binding to
structures that are only found in
bacterial cells. Penicillin works by
disrupting the synthesis of cell walls,
a structural feature of many
bacterial cells that is entirely absent
in human cells.

What are Antibiotics?

-

are drugs that are widely used which

disable or kill infectious bacteria

naturally occurring chemicals derived

from certain fungi, bacteria, and other
organisms that can destroy or inhibit the
growth of other harmful microorganisms

only treatbacterialinfections; useless

against viral infections (for example, the
common cold) and fungal infections
(such as ringworm)

How do antibiotics work?

Antibiotics work to kill bacteria. Bacteriaare singlecell organisms. If bacteria make it past ourimmune
systemsand start reproducing inside our bodies,
they cause disease. We want to kill the bacteria to
eliminate the disease.

An antibiotic is aselective poison. It has been

chosen so that it will kill the desired bacteria, but
not thecellsin your body. Each different type of
antibiotic affects different bacteria in different ways.

For example, an antibiotic might inhibit a

bacterium's ability to turn glucose into energy, or its
ability to construct its cell wall. When this happens,
the bacterium dies instead of reproducing. At the
same time, the antibiotic acts only on the
bacterium's cell-wall-building mechanism, not on a

What are viruses?

Viruses are non-living microscopicparticlesthat attack healthy

cells within living things.

Virus particles are about one-millionth of an inch (17 to 300

nanometers) long. Viruses are about a thousand times smaller
thanbacteria, and bacteria are much smaller than most human
cells. Viruses are so small that most cannot be seen with alight
microscope, but must be observed with an electron microscope.

A virus particle, orvirion, consists of a nucleic acid(set of genetic

instructions), coat of protein(surrounds the DNA or RNA to protect
it) and a lipid membrane(surrounds the protein coat ).

Are they considered cells?

NO..

Viruses are not cells. They do not have a cell

membrane or other components of living cells.

Living host cells are required for their reproduction.

Outside of the host, they act as nonliving chemicals.

They do not metabolize or respond to stimuli.

They have genetic material and can therefore

mutate and evolve.

They form parasitic relationships with living

organisms; the virus benefits at the expense of the
living organism.

How does a virus infect a host cell?

Typically, a virus can enter a cell when either a part of the capsid
or the spikes in the envelope match receptors in the host cell.

All viruses have some type of protein on the outside coat or

envelope that "feels" or "recognizes" the proper host cell(s). This
protein attaches the virus to themembraneof the host cell. Some
enveloped viruses can dissolve right through the cell membrane
of the host because both the virus envelope and the cell
membrane are made of lipids.

Those viruses that do not enter the cell must inject their contents
(genetic instructions, enzymes) into the host cell. Those viruses
that dissolve into a cell simply release their contents once inside
the host. In either case, the results are the same.
Examples:

Influenza infects cells lining the respiratory tracts.

Poliomyelitis virus infects nerve cells.

Tobacco mosaic virus infects tobacco leaves.

Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles

Lytic Cycle

A viral replication cycle resulting in the release of new viruses by

lysis (breaking open) of the host cell.

Lysogenic Cycle

A bacteriophage replication cycle in which the viral genome* is

incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a
prophage**. New phages are not produced, and the host cell is
not killed or lused unless the viral genome leaves the host
chromosome.

*genome a complete ( haploid ) set of an organisms genes; an

organisms genetic material
**prophage - phage DNA that has inserted by genetic recombination into
the DNA of prokaryotic chromosome