Projection

Definition
Projection can be defined as a mapping
of point P(x,y,z) onto its image P(x,y,z)
in the projection plane, which constitute
the display surface. The mapping is
determind by a projection line called the
Projector that passes through P and
intersect the view plane. The intersection
point is P.
P(x,y,z)

projection plane
P(x,y,z)

Projector

Taxonomy of Projection

Perspective Projection
Basic Principles: The techniques of
projection are generalizations of the
principles used by artists in preparing
perspective drawing of 3D objects
and scenes. The eye of the artist is
placed at the center of projection,
and the canvas (view plane).

Mathematical Description
A Perspective projection is
determined by prescribing a center of
projection and a view plane. The view
plane is determined by its view
reference point Ro and view plane
normal N. the object point P is located
in world co-ordinates at (x,y,z). The
problem is to determine the image
point co-ordinates P(x,y,z).

View Plane
Z
View Plane
P1(x,y,z)
C

P1(x,y,z)
P2

Center of projection

View Plane Normal

Perspective
Characteristics/Anomalies

1. Perspective Foreshortening:-

The farther an object is from the center

of projection, the smaller it appears.
Example: -Square A is larger in size than square B
but at vanishing point in viewing plane they
appears
to be of same size.
Y Viewing plane

Vanishing poin

2. Vanishing Points
These points are formed by the intersection
of lines parallel to one of the three principal
axis. The number of principal vanishing
points is determined by the number of
principal axis intersected by the view plane.

3. View Confusion

Objects behind the center of

projection are projected upside down
and backward onto
the view
plane.
P
Y
1

P2

P3

center of projection

P3
P2
O

P1

4. Topological Distortion

The points of the plane that is parallel to the view

plane & also passes through the Centre of
projection
are projected to infinity by the perspective
projection.
When we join the point which is back of the
viewer to
the point
Y which is front of the viewer then the line
A at infinity
will be projected as a broken line of infinite extent.
Centre
of
projection

A
Viewing Plane

C
B

C A
X

INFINITY

Types of Vanishing Points

One Principal Vanishing Point Perspective

Projection
Two Principal Vanishing Point Perspective
Projection
Three Principal Vanishing Point Perspectiv
Projection

One Principal Vanishing Point

Perspective Projection

This Perspective projection occurs when

the projection plane is perpendicular to
one of the Principal axis (x or y or z).
Assume that it is z-axis. The view plane
normal vector N is the vector N 1 an
Principal Vanishing Point
is
Therefore,
P3:

X3 =a1
Y3 =b1
Z3 =c1+ d1
n3

V=V1I+V2J+V3K
X=V1t+l
Y=V2t+m
Z=V3t +n
P(l,m,n)
K=N.V=n1v1+n2v2
+n3v3

Where a1,b1,c1 are coordinates of the centre of projection

n1,n2,n3 are components of view plane normal vector
d1 is proportional to distance D from the view plane to the Centre of P

Two Principal Vanishing Point

Perspective Projection
This Perspective projection occurs
when the projection plane intersects
exactly two of the principal axes.

VP1
Horizon Line

VP2

Continue..
In this case where the projection plane
intersects the x and y axes, for
example, the
normal vector satisfies the relationship
N.K=0 or X =a + d
X =a
n
P:
Y =b + d
P:
n3=0, and so
the principal
vanishing
Y =b
n
points areZ =c
Z =c
1

Three Principal Vanishing Point

Perspective Projection

This Perspective projection occurs when

the projection plane intersects all the
P
three principal axes
x,
y
and
zaxes.
P

P1

X1 =a1+ d1
n1
Y1 =b1
Z1 =c1

P3

P2

X2 =a1
Y2 =b1+ d1
n2
Z2 =c1

X3 =a1
Y3 =b1
Z3 =c1+ d1
n3

P3

Parallel Projection
Basic Principles: The parallel projection used by
drafters and engineers to create
working drawings of an object which
preserves its scale and shape. The
complete representation of these
details often requires two or more
views (projections) of the object onto
different view planes.

Continue.
In parallel
projection, image
points are found as
the intersection of
the view plane with
a projector drawn
from the object
point and having a
fixed direction.
Z

Direction of V
Projection
View Plane
P(x,y,z)

P2

P(x,y,z)

P 2
N
X

Mathematical Description
A Parallel projection is determined by
prescribing a direction of projection
vector V and a view plane. The view
plane is determined by its view
reference point Ro and view plane
normal N. the object point P is located
in world co-ordinates at (x,y,z). The
problem is to determine the image
point co-ordinates P(x,y,z).

Types of Parallel Projection

A. Orthographic Projection
B. Oblique Projection

A. Orthographic
Projection
Projections are characterized by the fact that
the direction of projection is perpendicular to
the viewing plane. They are used to produce
the
front, side and top views of an object.
Example: - Engineering & architectural
drawings
employ it.

Categories/ Types of
Orthographic
Projections

1. Multiview Projections: When the direction

of projection is parallel to any of the
principal axis, this produces front,
top and side views of an object.
Example: -mechanical drawings
employ it.

Continue
2. Axonometric Projections: These projections are those in which
the direciton of projection is not parallel to any of
the three principal axis.
Some common sub-categories of Axonometric
Projections are: 1. Isometric
2. Di-metric
3. Tri-metric

Continue.

1. Isometric Projection: -The direction of

projection
makes equal angles with all the three principal
axes.
2. Di-Metric Projection: - The direction of
projection makes equal angles with exactly
two of the principal axes.
3. Tri-Metric: - The direction of projection makes
unequal angles with the three principal axes.

B. Oblique Projection
Projection obtained by projecting points
along
parallel lines that are not perpendicular to
viewing plane i.e. at any angle of
consideration
is called oblique parallel projections.
OR
Non-orthographic parallel projections are
Called oblique parallel projections.

SUB-CATEGORIES OF
AXONOMETRIC
PROJECTIONS ARE: 1. Cavalier: The direction of projections is chosen
so that there is no fore-shortening of
lines perpendicular to xy-plane.

2. Cabinet: The direction of projections is chosen

so that lines perpendicular to xy-plane
are fore-shortening by half their
lengths.

Cabinet Projection
y
C

D
E