Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Networks
(I-7000)
x(t)
Transmitter
channel
r(t)
~I(t)
Receiver
Output
Device
Code [ A
1000001]
Encode
Modulation, amplification, Fitering
Fig 1 Basic Model For a Communication System
I (t) =
Analog
Digital
X (t) =
Analog
Digital
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------0
1
1
Receiver with
Fast Clock
x
x
x
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Transmitted
signal
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
0
1
0
0
0
1
x
x
x
x
x
0
Receiver with
Slow Clock
Time
Transmitter
Clock
ASYNCHRONOUS
Serial
Parallel
SYNCHRONOUS
20 mA current loop
EIA RS 232C
EIA RS-422, 423, 499
EIA RS 485
BISYNC
HDLC
ISDN LAP-d
IEEE 802 standards
_
Microprocessor
Interfaces
_
Bit stream to be
transmitted b(t)
Encoder
transmitted signal
d(t)
transmission link
b(t)
Decoder
Modulator
transmitted signal
a(t)
transmission link
b(t)
Demodulator
Bit stream to
be transmitted
+v
0
RZ
-v
+v
Leads to out of
synch, DC voltage,
NRZ
-v
Differential encoding;
comparing the polarity of
adjacent bits, more reliable
NRZ1
Self-clocking, 2 symbols per
bit (baud), 10 Mbps means 20
MBauds, =50%
Manchester
-v
Bit stream to
be transmitted
Differential
Manchester
Alternating Mark
Inversion
3-levels, binary zero
is zero voltage,
binary 1 alternates
Duo binary
1 = previous 1 if even
zeros, otherwise the
complement
Figure 2.12
Reasons for line coding: Freq spectrum; freq spectrum, synchronization, better performance under noisy environment
0
b(t)
A1 cos(wt + )
A2 cos(wt + )
b(t) = 1
b(t) = 0
N
(a) ASK
A cos (2f t + )
frequency
f1
(b) FSK
frequency
f2
(c) PSK
1800 phase
shift
1800 phase
shift
A cos (2f1 t + )b(t)
A cos (2f2 t +1800 )
b(t) = 0
b(t)
multiplication
X
Carrier
Q PSK
x(t)
A cos (wt + 0 )
A cos (wt + 90 )
A cos (wt + 180 )
A cos (wt + 2 )
M-ary PSK
b(t)
00
01
11
10
Mary PSK:
x(t) = A con ( 2ft + { 2f2 / M } ) ,
M=2
M=4
PSK
QPSK
Type of signal
Information
transmitted
to be transmitted
Anolog
Digital
k = 0,1,.., M.
Anolog
Digital
Input
(10011)
G0 = 1
+
G2 = 1
G1 = 0
A
XOR
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Shift Register
Content
Step
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Input A
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
B
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
C
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
G3 = 1