Recall...

1. An undersaturated oil reservoir with a bulk volume of 20.0 x

10^6 bbl has an average porosity of 0.15 and a connate water
saturation of 23%. The initial oil formation volume factor was
1.2 bbl/STB and the initial GOR was 520 scf/STB.
a.)What was the reservoir pore volume? (Ans. Vb x
porosity)
b.)What was the reservoir volume of oil? (Ans. Vb x porosity x
(1-Sw))
c.) What were the initial stock tank barrel of oil in place? (Ans.
STOIIP = Reservoir volume of oil / Bo)
d.) How many scf of free and dissolved gas were in the
reservoir?
(Ans. Free gas = 0 , since the reservoir is
undersaturated. You can compute for dissolved gas using
STB & GOR relationship)
e.)If we expect that we will recover 12% of the initial oil in place
by primary recovery, how many STB of oil we will recover?
(Ans. Multiply 0.12 by the amount of oil in STB)

2.

GOR

Bo

a.) Define oil formation volume factor and solution

gas ratio. Was the reservoir initially saturated or
undersaturated? How do you know? (Ans. The
reservoir is undersaturated)
b.) If the reservoir initially is at 10^6 STB oil,
estimate the reservoir volume of oil and the scf
(free + dissolved) gas in the reservoir.
(Ans. Theres no free gas but we can
compute for dissolved gas)
c.) If the reservoir porosity was 0.15, and initial
water saturation was 23%, what was the
reservoir pore volume? (Hint: use the equation
of STOIIP)

Sorry for
blurry pic...

Laboratory Analysis of
Reservoir Fluids
The properties of the formation fluids are used to
determine reserves and to predict reservoir
performance and economics.
PVT properties such as bubblepoint pressure, gas oil
ratio, viscosity, oil formation volume factor, and detailed
composition are important to well performance
analysis, material balance calculations, reservoir
simulation and production
engineeringcalculations.
It is desirable to obtain a fluid sample as early in the
life of a field as possible so that the sample will closely
approximate the original reservoir fluid.
Collection of a fluid sample early reduces the free gas
existing in the oil zone of the reservoir.

Complexity of correlating
surface to reservoir volumes

Undersaturated vs. Saturated

Regions

Saturated
Region

Undersatur
ated

What occurred in
this region?

5000
psia

3300
psia

Answer
:
Critical
gas
saturati
on

0
psia

Basic PVT Parameters

Rs The solution (or dissolved) gas oil ratio, which is the
number of standard cubic feet of gas which will dissolve
in one stock tank barrel of oil when both are taken down
to the reservoir at prevailing pressure and temperature.
(Unit: scf/stb oil)
Bo The oil formation volume factor, is the volume in
barrels occupied in the reservoir, at prevailing pressure &
temperature, by one stock tank barrel of oil plus its
dissolved gas. ( Unit: rb (Oil + dissolved gas / stb)
Bg The gas formation volume factor, which is the volume
in barrels that one standard cubic foot of gas will occupy
as free gas in the reservoir at prevailing reservoir
pressure and temperature (Unit: rb free gas / stb).

Undersaturated Oil
Reservoir (no gas cap)

Saturated Oil Reservoir

(w/ gas cap)

We can derive the following

equations:
R = Rs + (R Rs) @ the surface
(scf/stb),
R instantaneous or producing gas oil
ratio
Rs solution gas oil ratio / original gas oil
ratio.
When taken down to reservoir,
(R Rs)(Bg) (rb. free gas / stb)
Thus, the total underground withdrawal of
HC associated with 1 stb:

In oil reservoir engineering, we use

Bg while in gas reservoir
engineering, we use E (scf/rcf) , the
gas expansion factor. E = Vsc /
Vres.
Bg (rb/scf) = 1 /
(5.615E)

Sample Problem:
The oil and gas rates, measured at a
particular time during the producing life of a
reservoir are, x stb oil/day & y scf gas /day.
1.) What is the corresponding underground
withdrawal rate in reservoir barrels/day?
2. If the average reservoir pressure at the time
above measurements are made is 2400 psia,
calculate the daily underground withdrawal
corresponding to an oil production of 2500
stb/day and a gas rate of 2.125 MMscf/day.
Bo = 1.1822 rb/stb; Rs = 352 scf/stb &
Bg = 0.0012 rb/scf.

Collection of Fluid
Samples

Challenge: To ensure that the

proportion of oil and gas in the
composite sample is the same as that
existing in the reservoir.
1. Subsurface Sampling (apply well
conditioning)

2. Surface Recombination
Sampling

Required combination ratio:

R(sep.) = R (scf/stb) x S
(stb/sep. bbl)

Routine Laboratory Tests

Compositional Analysis
Constant Composition
Expansion
a. Bubble Point
b. Dew Point
.Differential Liberation
.Separator Test
.Constant Volume Depletion

Compositional Analysis
It is recommended that
compositional analysis of the
reservoir fluid should include a
separation of components through
C10 (Decanes) as a minimum.
The more sophisticated research
laboratories now use equations of
state that require compositions
through C30 or higher.

Constant Composition Expansion

Tests (Flash Expansion)

The test is conducted for the

purposes of determining:
Bubble point pressure (Pb)
Dew point pressure (Pd)
Compressibility of the
undersaturated oil (Co)
The relative volume (Vt) of the oil
and gas at each stage of depletion

Bubble
point
pressure

Process:
The pressure is reduced in steps at constant temperature by
removing mercury from the PV cell, and the change in the total
hydrocarbon volume (V) is measured for each pressure
increment.
No hydrocarbon is removed in the cell
The volume of the hydrocarbon system as a function of cell
pressure is reported as ratio of the reference volume.
Relative volume (Vt) = V/ Vb
where,
Vt relative volume
V Total HC volume
Vb volume at saturation (bubble point) pressure.
The relative volume (Vt) is equal to 1 at bubble point
pressure.

Differential Liberation
(Vaporization) Test
The experimental data obtained are
used to find the basic PVT
parameters:
Bo, oil formation volume factor
Rs, solution gas oil ratio
Bg, gas formation volume factor
Z, gas deviation factor
Oil density of the remaining oil as a
function of pressure

Process:
First, it is carried out on reservoir oil samples and involves
charging a visual PVT Cell with a liquid at a bubble
point pressure and at reservoir temperature.
When pressure is reduced in steps, all the liberated gas is
removed and its volume is measured in standard
conditions.
The remaining oil is subjected to continual compositional
changes as it becomes progressively richer in the heavier
components.
Objectives:
To describe the separation process taking place in the
reservoir.
To simulate the flowing behavior of the hydrocarbon fluids
when pressure drops below the bubble point pressure.

Separator Test
One or two stage flash at low temperature & low
pressure.
To determine the changes in the volumetric
behavior of the reservoir fluid as the fluid passes
through the separator (or separators) and then into
the stock tank.
If the optimum surface separation conditions are
determine, it will help to maximize the stock-tank
oil production.
Determine the shrinkage factor, S

S = STB/
Separator bbl

Occurrence in
separators:
Shrinkage factor
decreases, GOR
increases. Why?

Constant Volume Depletion

(CVD) Test
Exclusively for gas condensates and
volatile oils to simulate reservoir
depletion performance and
compositional variation.
What
Observati
happens
when you
produce
a single
phase
gas
reservoir
like in
Malampa
ya field?

on: Even
if you
return the
pressure
to its
initial
value,
theres
still
Decreas
condensat
e in
e.
Pressur

Complete PVT Analysis

a) Compositional Analysis
b)Flash Expansion
. Saturation pressure, (Bubble point & Dew point pressures)
. Compressibility of Oil, (Co)
. Relative volume, (Vt)
c) Differential Liberation
. Compressibility factor, (Z)
. Oil Formation Volume Factor, (Bo)
. Gas Formation Volume factor, (Bg)
. Solution Gas Oil Ratio, (Rs)
d) Oil viscosity at reservoir temperature
e) Separator test
. Shrinkage Factor, S
. Phase behavior of reservoir fluids at surface conditions