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Acousticabsorptionrefers

to the process by which a material,


structure, or object takes insound energywhensound wavesare
encountered, as opposed to reflectingthe energy.
Part of the absorbed energy is transformed intoheatand part is
transmitted through the absorbing body. The energy transformed into
heat
is
said
to
have
been
'lost'.
When sound from a loudspeaker collides with the walls of a room part of
the sound's energy isreflected, part is transmitted, and part is absorbed
into the walls.
The fraction of sound absorbed is governed by theacoustic
impedancesof both media and is a function of frequency and the
incident angle.Size and shape can influence the sound wave's behavior
if they interact with its wavelength, giving rise towave
phenomenasuch asstanding wavesanddiffraction.

Acoustic absorption is of particular interest insoundproofing.


Soundproofing aims to absorb as much sound energy (often in
particular frequencies) as possible converting it into heat or
transmitting it away from a certain location.
In general, soft, pliable, or porous materials (like cloths) serve as good
acoustic insulators - absorbing most sound, whereas dense, hard,
impenetrable materials (such as metals) reflect most.

Applications
Acoustic absorption is critical in areas such as:
Soundproofing
Sound recording and reproduction
Loudspeaker design
Acoustic transmission lines
Room acoustics
Architectural acoustics
Sonar
Noise Barrier Walls

Acoustic transmissionin

building design refers to a number of


processes by which sound can be transferred from one part of a building
to another.
Typically these are:
Airborne transmission - a noise source in one room sends air pressure
waves which induce vibration to one side of a wall or element of structure
setting it moving such that the other face of the wall vibrates in an
adjacent room.Structural isolationtherefore becomes an important
consideration in theacoustic designof buildings. Highly sensitive areas of
buildings, for example recording studios, may be almost entirely isolated
from the rest of a structure by constructing the studios as effective boxes
supported by springs. The most important acoustic control method is
adding mass into the structure, such as a heavy dividing wall, which will
usually reduce airborne sound transmission better than a light one.

Impact transmission - a noise source in one room results from an impact of


an object onto a separating surface, such as a floor and transmits the
sound to an adjacent room. A typical example would be the sound of
footsteps in a room being heard in a room below. Acoustic control measures
usually include attempts to isolate the source of the impact, or cushioning
it. For example carpets will perform significantly better than hard floors.
Flanking transmission - a more complex form of noise transmission, where
the resultant vibrations from a noise source are transmitted to other rooms
of the building usually by elements of structure within the building. For
example, in a steel framed building, once the frame itself is set into motion
the effective transmission can be pronounced.

Reverberation,

inpsychoacousticsandacoustics,
is
the
persistence ofsoundafter a sound is produced.A reverberation,
orreverb, is created when a sound or signal is reflected causing a large
number of reflections to build up and then decay as the sound is absorbed
by the surfaces of objects in the space which could include furniture,
people, and air.This is most noticeable when the sound source stops but
thereflectionscontinue, decreasing inamplitude, until they reach zero
amplitude.
Reverberation is frequency dependent: the length of the decay, or
reverberation time, receives special consideration in the architectural
design of spaces which need to have specific reverberation times to
achieve optimum performance for their intended activity.

Reverberation is not limited to indoor spaces as it exists in forests and


other outdoor environments where reflection exists.

Refraction of Sound Waves


Refractionof waves involves a change in the direction of waves as they pass from
one medium to another. Refraction, or bending of the path of the waves, is
accompanied by a change in speed and wavelength of the waves. So if the media (or
its properties) are changed, the speed of the wave is changed. Thus, waves passing
from one medium to another will undergo refraction. Refraction of sound waves is
most evident in situations in which the sound wave passes through a medium with
gradually varying properties. For example, sound waves are known to refract when
traveling over water.
Even though the sound wave is not exactly changing media, it is traveling through a
medium with varyingproperties; thus, the wave will encounter refraction and change
its direction. Since water has a moderating effect upon the temperature of air, the air
directly above the water tends to be cooler than the air far above the water. Sound
waves travel slower in cooler air than they do in warmer air. For this reason, the
portion of the wave front directly above the water is slowed down, while the portion of
the wave fronts far above the water speeds ahead. Subsequently, the direction of the
wave changes, refracting downwards towards the water. This is depicted in the
diagram at the right.

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