Escolar Documentos
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Cultura Documentos
Bhavin b. arya
(140280710001)
Internal Guide:
Prof. Dr. S.M.Mehta
Scientist/Engineer SG,
APME, LDCE,
Ahmedabad.
IPR, Gandhinagar.
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
Indigenous helium plant
Need of purification system
Objective of work
Design of Adsorber bed
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Selection of adsorbent
Find mass of Adsorbent required
Calculate the length and diameter of adsorber bed
Calculate MTZ length and breakthrough time
Dimension of vessel
Design of filter
Modelling
References
140280710001
Fig.1 Process Flow Diagram for Liquid Helium Production (Courtesy: IPR)
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Objective of project
Design, Fabricate & Testing Of Prototype Adsorber Bed of 80K.
Study of:
Helium plant and its components.
Design and analysis work done for 80 K purifier bed of actual size
Design:
The Adsorber beds,
Filter elements.
Instrumentations for adsorber bed test facility.
Experimental procedure.
Drawings required for manufacturing and assembly of different elements.
Perform the test, collect the data and analyse it. Repeat it for different type of charcoals.
Make a report of above work.
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Selection of adsorbent
Find mass of Adsorbent required
Calculate the length and diameter of adsorber bed
Calculate breakthrough time and mass transfer zone(MTZ)
Optimize the length and diameter of adsorber bed on different parameter like MTZ,
breakthrough time, pressure drop, velocity, mass flow rate etc..
6. Design the filter
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1. Selection of adsorbent
ADSORPTION Adsorption has been defined as operation/process in which the gas molecules (the
adsorbate) stick to the surface of the solid (adsorbent) in one or more layer.
The Gas / liquid particles which are going to adsorb on a surface is called as Adsorbate.
The Material on which that fluid get adsorbed is called as Adsorbent.
Classified as
Physical Adsorption- weak intermolecular forces, called van der waals forces are
brought into play
Chemisorption- strong reaction between the solid and the gas
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1. Selection of adsorbent
Physical Adsorption
Chemisorption
Table: 1
Comparison of Physical Adsorption & Chemisorption (Courtesy: Randall F.
Barron, Cryogenic Systems ) 140280710001
1. Selection of adsorbent
Type of adsorber
Activated Carbons
Carbon Molecular Sieves
Silica gel
Activated Alumina
Zeolites
Fig.2 Schematic
representation
showing
the
frame
work
structure of (a)
zeolite A and (b)
zeolites X and Y
(Courtesy:
Ruthven 1984, p
13)
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1. Selection of adsorbent
Required properties of Adsorbent
Adsorption energy
Porosity
Availability
Economical
Adsorbent
BPL
(Bitumino
us
Pittsburg
h Lignite)
SC11
(coconut
shell
based)
Character
istic
Adsorptio
Adsorption
adsorptio
n
capacity
n energy
capacity
(mol/g)
Eo(kJ/mol
(kg/kg)
e)
Mass of
Adsorber
required
(kg)
Micropore
volume Wo
(m3/g)
Surface
Area
(m2/g)
0.000000
43
434.3
4
19.1
0.00153
7
0.0164
13.176
0.000000
4
547.9
4
23.5
0.00057
2
0.0440
4.909
0.0153
14.079
0.0330
6.541
0.0581
3.722
ACF
2.40E-07
Ajax
4.80E-07
KL3
2.44E-07
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240.0
0
480.0
0
681.5
6
20.909
21.21
29.7
0.00053
6
0.00115
39
0.00202
82
10
1. Selection of adsorbent
Classification of Pore sizes :
Table shows Pore size (Courtesy: Ruthven
1984, p 8)
Diameter(
Adsorbent
(Carbon)
Adsorbent Physical
Property :
Table
shows
Physical
Property
of
Adsorbents
(Courtesy: Perrys Chemical
Handbook)
Mesopore
Macropore
<2
2-50
>50
nm)
Sorpti
Surfac
Averag
ve
e
e pore
capaci
area,
diamet
ty,
Km2/k
er, nm
kg/kg
g
(dry)
~55
70-85
0.450.55
0.250.30
0.450.55
0.3-0.5
0.4-0.7
1-4
3
0.8-1.6
0.4-0.7
0.5
0.3
G,P
60-80
0.4-0.6
2-4
0.9-1.2
0.4
35-50
0.5-0.7
0.3-0.6
0.050.20
Shell based
60
Wood-based
~80
G,C
~80
G,C,P
G,P
Petroleumbased
Peat-based
Lignite based
Bituminous
coal-based
Carbon
molecular sieve
*
Micropore
Shapes:140280710001
C, cylindrical pellets;
0.8-1.6
0.4
0.8-1.8
~0.7
0.9-1.3 0.3-0.4
G, granular;
P, powder
11
1. Selection of adsorbent
Nitrogen isotherms at 77K (Courtesy: D. Martins, I. Catarino, D. Three selected adsorption isotherms for the gas nitrogen on the three
Lopes, I. Esteves, J.P. Mota, G. Bonffait, cryocoolers 16, p 568)
charcoal samples (Courtesy: D. Martins, I. Catarino, D. Lopes, I.
Esteves, J.P. Mota, G. Bonffait, cryocoolers 16, p 572).
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12
2. Mass of adsorbent
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
13
2. Mass of adsorbent
Partial
pressure of Impurities
In Indigenous Helium Liquefaction Plant, the helium which is going to use should be pure and
is operated on 14bar pressure. But the helium supply contain the impurities like N2 , O2 & Ar
which is averaging to about 100 PPM.
So, the partial pressure of N2 impurity is given by,
P=*14 = 0.001093 bar.
Now, for the impurity, the saturated pressure at 80K is Po=1.3687bar.
So, Relative Pressure can be given by,
P/P0 = 0.001093/1.3687
=7.99 x 10-4
Same we can do for other impurities.
Partial Pressure of Oxygen = 9.32 x 10-4 bar
Partial Pressure of Argon =1.92 x 10-5 bar.140280710001
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2. Mass of adsorbent
Selection Of Calculation Model From Relative Pressure [3]
Relative
Mechanism
Calculation model
P/Po range
1x10-7 to 0.02
Micropore Filling
0.01 to 0.1
Sub-Monolayer Formation
DR
0.05 to 0.3
Monolayer Complete
BET, Langmuir
> 0.1
Multilayer Formation
t-plot, S
> 0.35
Capillary Condensation
BJH, DH
0.1 to 0.5
DFT, BJH
pressure
Materials
Relative pressure of impurities are in range of 10-04 so -DFT, GCMC, HK, SF, DA, and
DR Micropore Filling Mechanism should be use.
Now, we will go with DR model because for activated carbon DR equation is most
faithful[6].
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2. Mass of adsorbent
Dubinin-Radushkevick
(DR) equation for adsorption of mixture of gases [4]
,
for the mass flow rate of 30 g/s and 3 hour of operation with 100ppm of impurities
by putting the values we will get adsorption capacity around 0.044kg/kg.
0.044 kg of impurities per kg of carbon
Total mass of impurities to be adsorbed 0.21 kg.
So mass of adsorbent required is 4.90 kg
mass of adsorbent is 5 kg.
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16
17
Breakthrough time, tb is the time when the C/Co value becomes 0.01 (proposed outlet
impurity/ Inlet impurity) & saturated time, ts is the time when C/Co value becomes (1- proposed
outlet impurity/ Inlet impurity).
There are two model for prediction on MTZ length and breakthrough time
1. Rosen model
2. Axial dispersion model
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Rosen model
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19
henry constant
Characteristic Curve
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20
Characteristic curve
Henry constant
f(x) = 0.63 ln(x) + 11.6
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21
From Breakthrough
curve
tb
ts
2901 s
0.4984 m
LMTZ = 0.167
MTZ
@C/Co
0.99
tb
26501s
@C/Co 0.01
@C/Co
0.01
ts
39801s
0.167m
@C/Co 0.99
MTZ
m
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22
From Breakthrough
curve
ts
tb
MTZ
C/Co
0.99
C/Co
0.01
80601 s
1s
0.498 m
0.167 m
LMTZ =
tb
29001s
ts
MTZ
43701s
0.167m
C/Co
0.01
C/Co
0.99
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24
35 g/s
30 g/s
25 g/s
20 g/s
15 g/s
D=
0.0001
D=
0.0002
25
5. DIMENSION OF VESSEL
Since the pressurized helium gas has to be passed through the adsorber vessel, it can be designed
considering a pressure vessel. According to the ASME Section VIII, the minimum thickness of the
cylindrical shell can be given by;
The minimum thickness for spherical shells,
hemispherical heads is given by;
Where
=design internal pressure,
Where
=inside diameter of shell,
= constant=
=allowable stress,
=weld efficiency.
The internal design pressure is 20 bar =2.0 MPa,
Considering the material to be SS304L, so, Sa =120.6 0.74 mm < 0.280 inch
MPa,
Head thickness th = 0.280 inch
Taking weld efficiency ew =0.85
= 1.50 mm. For the safe side and market availability
we take pipe of NSP-6 with outer diameter 6.625
inch
Inner diameter 6.065 inch and,
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Thickness of vessel is 0.280 inch
26
6. Design of filter
Consider that Dp is the particle diameter and w is the aperture of the mesh. Now from
Mesh opening
For the present work, the charcoal dust that is carried with helium has particle size ranging from 30 microns.
So by using equation,
;
We have,
In 1 we have 25400 microns, so
Mesh = 25400/51 = 498~500.
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27
6. Design of filter
Filter
Operating Pressure
Operating Temperature
Density of He
Mass flow rate, m
Vol.Flow rate, Q
Operation time
Charcoal particle Dia,Dp
Aperture Size,Width, Opening, w
~
Diameter of wire, d
Pitch of the Mesh, P
14
80
8.2196
30
0.003649
3
10800
30
21
21
30
51
Mesh
498
~Mesh
550
Void
0.16
bar
K
Kg/m3
g/s
m3/s
Hr
Sec
microns
microns
microns
microns
microns
8.69E-6
0.003649
0.08
0.06
1514
Ns/m2
m3/s
m
m
Pa
15.14 mbar
Across Inlet Pipe
D
Pre. Drop mbar
Across Outlet Pipe
D
A
Pre. Drop mbar
Across Annular Space Area
Do
Aannular
Uannular
Pre.Drop
Pre.Drop mbar
Total P Drop
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0.0254 m
2.1344 mbar
0.0254 m
0.000506451 m2
2.1344 mbar
0.0765
0.00172
2.1141
18.36
0.1836
17.4670
m
m2
m/s
Pa
mbar
mbar
28
6. Design of filter
Cartridge Diameter Optimization
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6. modelling
F
ilter
Adsorber bed
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30
30
100
14
3
324
1839.34
0.1839
DR Theory
Model Selected
Axial dispersion
tb
26501
ts
39801
MTZ Length=
Adsorber bed Dia
Total Length of bed
0.167
6.065
0.667
m
Inch
m
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g/s
PPM
bar
hr
Kg
m3
m3
31
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32
References
1.
2.
Roop Chand Bansal & Meenakshi Goyal, Activated Carbon Adsorption, CRC Press,
2005.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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33
Thank You
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34