IP Networks

Nasir Majeed
Manager (Certification)
Cisco Academy Support Centre (ASC)
PTCL Academy

Course Contents
OSI & TCP/IP Model
IPv4 Addressing
IPv4 Subnetting, VLSM
IPv6 Addressing
Introduction to Routing

Reference and Protocol Models

A Reference Model provides a common reference for

maintaining consistency within all types of network
protocols and services (OSI Model).
A Protocol Model provides a model that closely
matches the structure of a particular protocol suite
(TCP/IP Model).

TCP/IP MODEL

Peer-to-Peer Communication

Peer-to-Peer Communication

Encapsulation
HTTP Data
Data
Segment
Packet
Frame

Decapsulation
HTTP Data
Data
Segment

Packet
Frame

The Communication
Process

Protocol Data Unit (PDU) - The form that a piece of data takes at any layer.
At each stage of the process, a PDU has a different name to reflect its new appearance.
PDUs are named according to the protocols of the TCP/IP suite.
Data - The general term for the PDU used at the Application layer
Segment - Transport Layer PDU
Packet - Internetwork Layer PDU
Frame - Network Access Layer PDU
Bits - A PDU used when physically transmitting data over the medium

COMMON TCP/IP PROTOCOLS

Network /Internet Layer

The Network/Internet layer is used to
exchange the data over the network
between identified end devices.
Used for:
Addressing
Encapsulation
Routing
Decapsulation

Bits Address Segmentation-32

IPv4 Addressing
An IPv4 address is a 32-bit sequence of 1s and 0s.
To make the IP address easier to use, the address is
usually written as four decimal numbers separated by
periods.
This way of writing the address is called the dotted
decimal format.

IPv4 Addressing

IPv4 Address Classes

Reserved IPv4 Addresses

Certain host addresses are reserved and cannot be assigned to devices on a

network.
Host Address

Network address.

Broadcast address.

Private IPv4
Addresses

Introduction to IPv4 Subnetting

What is subnetting ?
Why subnetting ?
How Subnetting ?
To create a subnet address, a network administrator borrows
bits from the host field and designates them as the subnet
field.

VLSM
Used to prevent the waste of addresses on point-to-point links
Large subnets can be used for LANs and very small subnets are
created for WAN links

IPv6 Address Notation

One Hex digit = 4 bits
2001:0DB8:AAAA:1111:0000:0000:0000:0100/64
1

2001:0DB8:AAAA:1111:0000:0000:0000:
0100

16 bits

16 bits

16 bits

16 bits

16 bits

16 bits

16 bits

16 bits

IPv6 addresses are 128-bit addresses represented in:

Eight 16-bit segments or hextets (not a formal

term)
Hexadecimal (non-case sensitive) between 0000
and FFFF

2001:0DB8:AAAA:1111:0000:0000:0000:0100/64
2001:0DB8:AAAA:1111:0000:0000:0000:
0100

16 bits

16 bits

16 bits

16 bits

16 bits

16 bits

16 bits

16 bits

How many addresses does 128 bits give us?

340 undecillion addesses or
340 trillion trillion trillion addresses or
IPv6 could provide each and every square micrometer of the
earths surface with 5,000 unique addresses. Micrometer = 0.001
mm or 0.000039 inches or.
A string of soccer balls would wrap around our universe 200 billion
times!

Rule 1 : Leading 0's

Optimize these IPv6 Addresses
The first rule is: Leading zeroes in any 16-bit segment do not have to be
written.
2001:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
Answer- 2001:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
2001:1000:1001:1010:1100:0001:0101:0011
Answer- 2001:1000:1001:1010:1100:1:101:11
0010:1010:1020:0001:1000:0A0A:00FF:FF00
Answer- 10:1010:1020:1:1000:A0A:FF:FF00

Rule 2: Double colon :: equals 00000000

The second rule can reduce this address even further:
Any single, contiguous string of one or more 16-bit segments
consisting of all zeroes can be represented with a double colon.
ff02:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:
0500
ff02::500

Rule 2: Double colon :: equals 00000000

Only a single contiguous string of all-zero segments can be
represented with a double colon.
Both of these are correct

2001:0d02:0000:0000:0014:0000:0000:0095

2001:d02::14:0:0:95
OR
2001:d02:0:0:14::95

Network Prefixes
IPv4, the prefixthe network portion of the addresscan be
identified by a dotted decimal netmask or bitcount.
255.255.255.0or/24
IPv6 prefixes are always identified by bit count (prefix length).
Prefix length notation:
3ffe:1944:100:a::/64

16324864bits

Identify the Network bits and host or

interface bits
2001::1/80

Answer- Number of Network bits = 80 Number of Host Bits =

48
Network Part =2001:0:0:0:0 Host Part=0:0:1
2001::1/16
Answer- 16 bits for the network part and 112 bits for the host
part
Network part = 2001 Host Part = 0:0:0:0:0:0:1

What is Routing?

Routing is the process of moving information

(data packets) from one network to another network
using routers.
Internet is composed of multiple physical networks
interconnected by routers.
Both host and router participate in routing a packet
to its destination.
The host must make the initial routing decision when it chooses
where to send the packet.

Function of a Router

Data is sent in form of packets between 2 end devices

Routers are used to direct packet to its destination
Routers examine a packets destination IP address and determine the
best path by enlisting the aid of a routing table

Routing Types

Static Route

A manually configured route used when routing from a network to a stub network

To view Static Routes in Routing Table

R1# show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
<output omitted>
Gateway of last resort is not set
C
C
S

192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
192.168.3.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.2.2

Static Route

Static route includes the network address and

subnet mask of the remote network, along with the
IP address of the next-hop router or exit interface.

Static routes are denoted with the code S in the

Static Routes
R1(config)#ip
R1(config)#ip
OR
R1(config)#ip
R1(config)#ip

route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 S0/0/0

route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 S0/0/0
route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2
route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2

Default Routes
R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 S0/0/0
OR
R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.2.2

Dynamic Routing

Dynamic Routing involves a Routing Protocol which does:

Exchange of routing information between routers
Dynamically learns information about remote networks
Determines the best path to each network
Adds routes to routing tables
Automatically learns about new networks
Automatically finds alternate paths if needed (link failure in current path)

To view Dynamic Routes in Routing Table

R1# show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
C
C
S
R

192.168.1.0/24
192.168.2.0/24
192.168.3.0/24
192.168.4.0/24

is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

is directly connected, Serial0/0/0
[1/0] via 192.168.2.2
[120/1] via 192.168.2.2, 00:00:20, Serial0/0/0

R1 has automatically learned about the 192.168.4.0/24 network from its

neighbor through the dynamic routing protocol RIP (Routing Information
Protocol).
RIP was one of the first IP routing protocols

Dynamic Routing Protocols

Components of a routing protocol
Algorithm
In the case of a routing protocol algorithms are used for
facilitating routing information and best path determination
Routing protocol messages
These are messages for discovering neighbors and exchange of
routing information

Classifying Routing Protocols

Distance vector
Routes are advertised as
vectors of distance &
direction.
Incomplete view of network
topology.
Periodic updates.
Link state
Complete view of network
topology is created.
Updates are not periodic.

Routing Protocols Metrics

A value used to determine which routes are better than others.
It is quantitative value used to measure the distance to a given route.

Distance Vector
Metric=Hop count
Link-State
Metric=Cost

Bandwidth
Delay
Load
Reliability

Routing Protocols
Metrics: Example

Dynamic Routing Protocols Summary

Routing Information Protocol (RIP) was originally specified in RFC 1058.
It is a distance vector routing protocol.
Hop count is used as the metric for path selection.
If the hop count is greater than 15, the packet is discarded.
Routing updates are broadcast every 30 seconds, by default.
EIGRP is a Cisco proprietary enhanced distance vector routing protocol.
It is an enhanced distance vector routing protocol.
Uses unequal-cost and equal-cost load balancing.
Uses a combination of distance vector and link-state features.
Uses Diffused Update Algorithm (DUAL) to calculate the shortest
path.

Dynamic Routing Protocols Summary

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a nonproprietary link-state routing protocol.
It is a link-state routing protocol.
Open standard routing protocol described in RFC 2328.
Uses the SPF algorithm to calculate the lowest cost to a destination.
Routing updates are flooded as topology changes occur.
Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS)
IS-IS is an Open System Interconnection (OSI) routing protocol originally specified
by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 10589.
It is a link-state routing protocol.
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is an exterior routing protocol.
It is a distance vector (or path vector) exterior routing protocol
Used between ISPs or ISPs and clients.
Used to route Internet traffic between autonomous systems.

THANK YOU