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What are the classes and types of composites?
What are the advantages of using composite
materials?
How do we predict the stiffness and strength of the
various types of composites?
Chapter 16 - 1
Composite
Combination of two or more individual
materials
Design goal: obtain a more desirable
combination of properties (principle of
combined action)
e.g., low density and high strength
Chapter 16 - 2
Terminology/Classification
Composite:
-- Multiphase material that is artificially
made.
Phase types:
-- Matrix - is continuous
-- Dispersed - is discontinuous and
surrounded by matrix
Chapter 16 - 3
Terminology/Classification
Matrix phase:
woven
fibers
-- Types:
0.5 mm
metal
ceramic
polymer
Dispersed phase:
cross
section
view
-- Purpose:
MMC: increase y, TS, creep resist.
CMC: increase KIc
PMC: increase E, y, TS, creep resist.
0.5 mm
Reprinted with permission from
D. Hull and T.W. Clyne, An
Introduction to Composite Materials,
2nd ed., Cambridge University Press,
New York, 1996, Fig. 3.6, p. 47.
Chapter 16 - 4
Classification of Composites
Composites
Particle-reinforced
Largeparticle
Dispersionstrengthened
Fiber-reinforced
Continuous
(aligned)
Structural
Discontinuous
(short)
Aligned
Randomly
oriented
Laminates
Sandwich
panels
Chapter 16 - 5
Fiber-reinforced
(ductile)
60 m
- WC/Co
cemented
carbide
matrix:
cobalt
(ductile,
tough)
:
Structural
particles:
cementite
(Fe C)
3
(brittle)
particles:
WC
(brittle,
hard)
600 m
- Automobile matrix:
tire rubber rubber
(compliant)
0.75 m
particles:
carbon
black
(stiff)
Chapter 16 - 6
Fiber-reinforced
Structural
Prestressed concrete
- Rebar/remesh placed under tension during setting of concrete
- Release of tension after setting places concrete in a state of compression
- To fracture concrete, applied tensile stress must exceed this
compressive stress
Fiber-reinforced
Structural
upper limit: Ec = Vm Em + Vp Ep
E(GPa)
350
Data:
Cu matrix 300
w/tungsten 250
particles
200
150
(Cu)
lower limit:
1 Vm Vp
=
+
Ec Em Ep
20 40 60 80
10 0 vol% tungsten
(W)
Fiber-reinforced
Structural
Polymer matrix
holds fibers in place
protects fiber surfaces
transfers load to fibers
Chapter 16 - 9
Fiber-reinforced
Structural
Fiber Types
Whiskers - thin single crystals - large length to diameter ratios
graphite, silicon nitride, silicon carbide
high crystal perfection extremely strong, strongest known
very expensive and difficult to disperse
Fibers
polycrystalline or amorphous
generally polymers or ceramics
Ex: alumina, aramid, E-glass, boron, UHMWPE
Wires
metals steel, molybdenum, tungsten
Chapter 16 - 10
Longitudinal
direction
Fiber Alignment
Fig. 16.8, Callister &
Rethwisch 9e.
Transverse
direction
aligned
continuous
aligned
random
discontinuous
Chapter 16 - 11
Structural
fracture
surface
2 m
(b)
Structural
C fibers:
very stiff
very strong
C matrix:
less stiff
view onto plane less strong
500 m
(a)
fibers lie
in plane
Other possibilities:
-- Discontinuous, random 3D
-- Discontinuous, aligned
fiber diameter
shear strength of
fiber-matrix interface
Composite Stiffness:
Longitudinal Loading
Continuous fibers - Estimate fiber-reinforced composite
modulus of elasticity for continuous fibers
Longitudinal deformation
c = mVm + fVf
volume fraction
Ecl = EmVm + Ef Vf
and
ec = em = ef
isostrain
c = composite
f = fiber
m = matrix
Chapter 16 - 15
Composite Stiffness:
Transverse Loading
In transverse loading the fibers carry less of the load
ec= emVm + efVf
and
isostress
1 Vm Vf
E ct E m E f
E mE f
E ct
VmE f Vf E m
c = m = f =
c = composite
f = fiber
m = matrix
Chapter 16 - 16
Composite Stiffness
Particle-reinforced
Fiber-reinforced
Structural
K = 1 (aligned parallel)
K = 0 (aligned perpendicular)
K = 3/8 (2D isotropy)
K = 1/5 (3D isotropy)
Chapter 16 - 17
Composite Strength
Particle-reinforced
Fiber-reinforced
Structural
*
Estimate of cd
for discontinuous fibers:
1. When l > lc
l
l
2. When l < lc
Chapter 16 - 18
Chapter 16 - 19
Chapter 16 - 20
Classification: Structural
Particle-reinforced
Fiber-reinforced
Structural
Adapted from
Fig. 16.16,
Callister &
Rethwisch 8e.
Sandwich panels
-- honeycomb core between two facing sheets
- benefits: low density, large bending stiffness
face sheet
adhesive layer
honeycomb
Fig. 16.18, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
(Reprinted with permission from Engineered
Materials Handbook, Vol. 1, Composites,
ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1987.)
Chapter 16 - 21
Composite Benefits
CMCs: Increased toughness
Force particle-reinf
PMCs: Increased E/
ceramics
10 3
E(GPa)
10 2
PMCs
10
fiber-reinf
metal/
metal alloys
un-reinf
0.1
polymers
0.01
0.1 0.3
Bend displacement
MMCs:
Increased
creep
resistance
10 30
6061 Al
10 -6
10 -8
Density, [mg/m3]
10 -4
ess (s-1)
6061 Al
w/SiC
whiskers
10 -10
20 30 50
(MPa)
100 200
Chapter 16 - 22
Summary
Composites types are designated by:
-- the matrix material (CMC, MMC, PMC)
-- the reinforcement (particles, fibers, structural)
Particulate-reinforced:
-- Types: large-particle and dispersion-strengthened
-- Properties are isotropic
Fiber-reinforced:
-- Types: continuous (aligned)
discontinuous (aligned or random)
-- Properties can be isotropic or anisotropic
Structural:
-- Laminates and sandwich panels
Chapter 16 - 23
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Reading:
Core Problems:
Self-help Problems:
Chapter 16 - 24