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Objectives
To differentiate the types of noise
To calculate the thermal noise
generated by a resistor
To calculate the signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR) and noise figure for an
amplifier
Lecture overview
Types of noise
Thermal noise
Signal-to-noise ration (SNR) and
noise figure
Introduction
Noise can be defined as
undesired random variations that interface with the
desired signal and inhibit communication.
Where does noise originate in a communication
system?
Channel @ transmission medium
Devices @ Equipments
Contd...
Noise Effect
One of the main limiting factor in
obtaining high performance of a
communication system.
Decrease the quality of the receiving
signal.
Contd...
Noise, interference and distortion
Noise
Refers to random and unpredictable
electrical signals produced by natural
process.
Superimposed on information bearing
signal, the message partially corrupted or
totally erased.
Can be reduced by filtering but cant
totally eliminated.
Contd...
Interference
A contamination by extraneous signals
from human sources (e.g. from other
Tx, power lines, machineries)
Often occurred in radio system whose
Rx antenna intercept several signals
at the same time.
Contd...
Distortion
The signal perturbation caused by
imperfect response of the system to the
desired signal.
Disappear when the signal is turned-off.
Can be corrected by the equalizers.
Noise Remedies?
REDUCE BANDWIDTH
INCREASE TRANSMITTERS
POWER
Types of NOISE
N O IS E
IN T E R N A L
EXTER N AL
T H E R M A L N O IS E
- t r a n s is t o r
- d io d e
- r e s is t o r s
M A N M A D E N O IS E
- a u t o m o b ile e n g in e
- e le c t r ic m o t o r
-c o m p u te r
S H O T N O IS E
- e le c t r o n ic s y s t e m
- e q u ip m e n t
S P A C E N O IS E
- s o la r n o is e
- s k y n o is e
F L IC K E R N O IS E
-tu b e s
A T M O S P H E R IC N O IS E
- N o is e b la n k in g
- lig h t in g
Contd...
Noise generated outside the electronic
equipment used.
Source can be terrestrial or
extraterrestrial (E.g. the earth, the moon,
the sun, the galaxies).
Do not effect the entire communication
frequency spectrum but affect certain
frequencies at certain times and locations.
Types: Man made noise, space noise,
atmospheric noise.
Contd...
a. Man made noise
o Produced by mankind
o Source : Spark-producing mechanisms
o Impulsive in nature & contains a wide
range of frequencies propagated
through space.
o Sometimes called industrial noise
(metropolitan & industrial area).
Contd...
b. Space noise
o The sun is a powerful source of
radiation.
o Stars also radiate noise called
cosmic, stellar or sky noise.
o Important at higher frequencies
(VHF and above) because
atmospheric noise dominates at
lower frequencies.
Contd...
c. Atmospheric noise
o The principle source is lightning
( a static electricity discharge.
o Can propagate for a long distances
through space.
o The lightning energy relatively low
frequency (up to several MHz).
Contd...
Contd...
Shot Noise
o Caused by a random arrival of carriers
(holes and electrons) at the output of an
electronic devices.
o Randomly varying & superimposed onto
any signal present.
o Sometimes called transistor noise.
Contd...
Flicker noise
o Excess noise that related to dc
current flow through imperfect
conductors.
o The real nature of flicker noise not
yet fully understood.
Thermal Noise
This type of noise arise due to the
random motion of free electrons in the
conducting medium such as resistor.
Each free electron inside a resistor is
in motion due to its thermal energy.
The path of electron motion is random
and zig-zag due to collision with the
lattice structure.
Contd...
The net effect of the motion of all
electrons constitutes an electric
current flowing through the resistor.
It causes the rate of arrival of electron
at either end of a resistor to vary
randomly and thereby varies the
resistors potential difference. That is
the direction of current flow is random
and has a zero mean value.
Contd...
Resistors and the resistance within
all electronic devices are constantly
producing noise voltage Vn(t).
Since it is dependent on
temperature, it is also referred to as
thermal noise.
P =kTB
n
Where
Pn = noise power (Watt)
k = Boltzman constant (1.38 x 10-23 J/K)
T = conductor temperature (K) [Add 273 to C]
Noise spectrum density is constant for all value of
B =12Bandwidth of system (Hz)
frequency to 10 Hz.
Known as Rn = RL = R,
Therefore voltage at RL is
Vn
RL
VL
Vn
Rn RL
2
Vn
2
VL
2
Power at VL , PL
R
R
and Pn PL kTB
therefore
2
Vn
kTB
4R
2
Vn 4kTBR
Vn
4kTBR
Vn
4R
Example 1
Example 2
A 1 k resistor is connected across
1 k antenna input of a television
receiver. The BW of the receiver is 5
MHz and the resistor at the room
temperature 293 K. Calculate the
noise power and noise voltage
applied to the receiver input.
Contd...
The signal quality at the input of the receiver is
characterized by the input signal to noise ratio.
Because of the noise sources within the receiver,
which is introduced during the filtering and
amplification processes, the SNR at the output of
the receiver will be lower than at the input of the
receiver.
This degradation in the signal quality is
characterized in terms of noise equivalent
bandwidth, N0, effective noise temperature, Te. and
noise figure,F
Noise Calculation
Noise Factor, F
Noise Figure, NF
S
dB
N
Si N i
So N o
NF 10 log F
10 log
Si N i
(dB )
So N o
S 0 GSi and
Na
N 0 GN i N a G ( N i
) G ( N i N ai )
G
S 0 GSi and
N 0 G ( N i N ai )
SNRi
F
SNR0
As known as
Noise Factor,
Si
Ni
N i N ai
N ai
1
GSi
Ni
Ni
G ( N i N ai )
N i kTi B and N ai kTe B
N ai
kTe B
Te
F 1
1
1
Ni
kTi B
Ti
Noise Temperature,
Te ( F 1)Ti
antenna
Si
Ni
Ti
F1, Te1
G1
Nai1
pre-amplifier
Stage 1
S1
N1
Nai2
S2
N2
F3, Te3
G3
Nai3
amplifier
Stage 3
So
No
Stage 1
Stage 2
Signal Power, S 2 G2 S1 G2G1S i
Noise Power, N 2 G2 ( N1 N ai 2 )
G2 N1 G2 N ai 2
G2G1kB(Ti Te1 ) G2 kTe 2 B
Stage 3
Signal Power, S 0 G3 S 2 G3G2G1Si
Noise Power, N 0 G3 ( N 2 N ai 3 )
G3 N 2 G3 N ai 3
G3G2G1kB(Ti Te1 ) G3G2 kTe 2 B G3kTe3 B
Noise Factor, F
Ftotal
SNRi
SNRO
Si
SO
Ni
NO
Si
G3G2G1S i
kTi B
G3G2G1kBTi
Ti Te1 Te 2
Te 3
Ti
G1Ti G2G1Ti
FTOTAL
FTOTAL
Ti
T
T
Te 3
e1 e 2
Ti
Ti
G1Ti
G1G2Ti
Te1
Te 2
Te 3
1
Ti
G1Ti
G1G2Ti
Te
If F 1
Ti
and Ti T0 290 K
therefore Te ( F 1)T0
FTOTAL
( F2 1) ( F3 1)
F1
G1
G1G2
FTOTAL
( F2 1) ( F3 1)
F1
G1
G1G2
TeTOTAL
Te1
1
1
T0
T0
Te 2
Te 3
1
1 1
1
T0
T0
G1
G1G2
TeTOTAL Te1 Te 2
Te 3
T0
T0 G1T0 G1G2T0
TeTOTAL
Te 2
Te 3
Te1
G1 G1G2
( Fn 1)
( F2 1) ( F3 1)
F F1
...
G1
G1G2
G1G2 ...Gn 1
Te 2
Te 3
Ten
Te Te1
...
G1 G1G2
G1G2 ...Gn 1
Pout
G
LdB
Pin
10 log10
Pout
GdB
Contd...
We also can calculate by using this
following equation;
LdB
Where
= transmission medium length
= attenuated constant
Example 3
Determine:
a. Noise Figure for an equivalent
temperature of 75 K (use 290 K
for the reference temperature).
b. Equivalent noise temperature
for a Noise Figure of 6 dB.
Example 4
For three cascaded amplifier stages,
each with noise figure of 3dB and
power gain of 10 dB, determine the
total noise figure.
Example 5
An amplifier consists of three identical
stages in tandem. Each stage having
equal input and output impedances. For
each stages, the power gain is 8 dB when
correctly matched and the noise figure is
6dB. Calculate the overall power gain and
noise figure of the amplifier.