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Fundamentals
What is ACOUSTICS?
akouein
It is the science of sound,
including
its
production,
propagation and effects.
It is also defined as the
generation,
transmission,
and reception of energy in
the
form
of
vibrational
LOUDSPEAKER ACOUSTICS
PSYCHOLOGICAL ACOUSTICS
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACOUSTICS
SONOLUMINESCENCE
and
THERMOACOUSTICS
SONOLUMINESCENCE
THERMOACOUSTIC
S
UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS
TRANSDUCTION
is the study of how sound is
generated
and
measured
by
loudspeakers,
microphones,
sonar
projectors, hydrophones, ultrasonic
transducers, sensors.
is
the
study
of
the
sound
propagation
in
the
human
environment, noise health effects and
noise mitigation analysis.
SPEECH COMMUNICATION
ULTRASONICS
is the study of high frequency sound
ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICS
is a special branch of science that
deals
with
the
construction
of
enclosed areas so as to enhance the
hearing
of wanted sounds.
MARCUS
JOSEPH
HENRY
VITRUVI
US
POLLIO
WALLACE CLEMENT
SABINE
What is SOUND?
is a physical phenomenon that
stimulates the sense of hearing. It is
an aural sensation caused by pressure
fluctuations.
is a term sometimes restricted to
such
airborne
vibrational
waves,
however, modern physicists usually
extend the term to include similar
vibrations in other gaseous, liquid, or
solid media.
is elemental that provides all sorts of
Speed of Sound
It is a pressure wave that propagates
through
air
with
a
speed
of
approximately:
330
meter/second
Speed of Sound
In fluid dynamics, the speed of sound in
a fluid medium (gas or liquid) is used as
a relative measure for the speed of an
object moving through the medium.
The speed of an object divided by the
speed of sound in the fluid is called the
Mach number.
Objects moving at speeds greater than
Mach1 are traveling at supersonic
speeds.
Categories of Sound
Everything aural
can be grouped into three categories:
MUSIC
NOISE
SPEEC
H
Attributes of Sound
PITC H UNIT:
MEL
the
attribute By:
of
auditory
Proposed
sensation
in terms
of which
sound
STEVENS,
VOLKMANN
AND
may be
ordered (1937)
on a scale
NEWMANN
primarily related to frequency.
The pitch of any sound judged by
l
i shighness
teners to b
e lowness
n t i m e s of
t h aat musical
of a MEL
or
no fm1e
ls
.H z t o n e a t a
1tone
, 0 0 0 Mas
e l s determined
i sT O
t hNeEp ii tsc h
,
0
0
0
by the rapidity
sensation level of 40dB
Attributes of Sound
LOUDNESS
UNIT:
PHON
and
is
an
auditory
SONE
PHON
is the
unit ofobservers
loudness level when:
impression
of ofthe
strength
of
SONE
is the unit
loudness
on a scale
a.
The standard
pure tone
is produced
by a
sound.
designed
to give scale
numbers
approximately
sensibly plane
proportional
to thesinusoidal
loudness. progressive sound
2
wave comingLevel
from directly
in
front
of
the
Loudness
is measured by
observer
and
having the
a frequency
of 1000
For
practical
purposes,
scale
is
precisely
the sound pressure level of a
Hz. by its relation to the phon scale.
defined
standard
tonelevel
of inspecified
b.
The soundpure
pressure
the free
frequency
which
is assessed
by
progressive wave
is expressed
in dB above
PHON = 40 + 10 log
(SONE)
Attributes of Sound
TIM BRE
TONE COLOR
is the characteristic tonal quality
of sound
PURE TONE is a sound in which the sound
pressure varies sinusoidally with time.
The waveform may be represented by a sine
wave.
Attributes of Sound
TEM PO
is the speed of sound
how fast or slow
Attributes of Sound
R HYTHM
relates to a sonic time pattern,
may be simple, constant, complex
or changing.
Attributes of Sound
AT TA CK
is the way sound begins
can be hard, soft, crisp or gradual
Attributes of Sound
D URATION
refers to how long a sound blasts
can be short or sustained sounds
Attributes of Sound
D ECAY
refers to how fast sound fades
from a certain loudness
can be quick, gradual or slow
Sound Generation
Requirements to Produce
Sound
TRANSMITTING MEDIUM
PRESENCE OF VIBRATION
RECEIVER OR END USER
Nature of Sound
Sound is the sensation produced by the
ear when stimulated by a vibrating
object
through
a
sequence
of
compressions and rarefactions in the air
surrounding it.
COMPRESSION
RAREFACTION
Interpretation of Sound
OBJECTIVELY:
a purely phenomena consisting of
wave
motion
in
air
or
any
transmitting medium
SUBJECTIVELY:
the sensation produced by outside
stimulation on the ear.
SONIC
20-20,000 Hz
Velocity of Propagation
Sound
travels
at
velocities depending
medium.
different
upon the
Velocity of Propagation
IN A GAS MEDIUM:
s=
where:
Po = is the steady pressure of the gas in N/m^2
= is the steady or average density of the gas in
kg/m^3
= ratio of the specific heat of constant pressure to
that
of the constant volume
Velocity of Propagation
IN NORMAL DRY AIR:
for: Tc 20
C
s = 331.45 +
0.607 Tc
for: Tc > 20
s = 331.45
Velocity of Propagation
IN LIQUID:
s=
where:
K = liquid compressibility
CONSTANT
= 47x10^-8/981
(m-s^2/kg)
Mach Number
ERNST MACH
ERNST WALDFRIED JOSEF WENZEL
MACH
Assignment:
List aircrafts together with their Mach
Numbers
Applications Military, Commercial,
etc.
Images
Developers
Length of Service
Nature of Speech
SOUND PRESSURE WAVE OF SPEECH:
100 to 10,000 Hz
SPEECH POWER:
100 to 1,000 W
MAXIMUM INTELLIGIBILITY
FREQUENCY:
FOR
1,000 to 3,000 Hz
250 to 500 W
VOICE
Assignment:
Tabulate some sound sources with
their computed power and their
corresponding sound power level, in
dB, referenced at 1012 watts.
Example:
Must
be
differe
nt from
the
given
data in
the
handou
Speech Measurement
VU METER:
It is the device used to measure
speech volume and designed to follow
speech levels in relation to human
hearing with a standard signal level of
+4dBm on a 600 line.
ONE
SPEAKER
OVER
THE
Classes of Speech
PLOSIVE SOUNDS
Results from the complete closure of our vocal tract
resulting in air pressure becoming extremely high
behind the closure.
VOICED SOUNDS
UNVOICED SOUNDS
Refer to the period of time when our vocal folds are
normally open, allowing air to pass from our lungs
freely into the rest of our vocal tract. It is generated
by constricting the vocal tract by slightly closing our
Frequency Parameters
HA RM ONIC S
the
integral
multiples
fundamental frequency
of
the
Nth Harmonics = N x
Ff
Frequency Parameters
OVE RTONE
musical term for harmonics
Frequency Parameters
O CTAV E
frequency interval of 2
It
is
an
interval
between
two
frequencies that have a tonal ration of 2
to 1.
It has a pitch interval of 2:1
It is the tone whose frequency is twice
that of the given tone.
Frequency Parameters
D ECA DE
frequency interval of 10
Frequency Parameters
The human hearing range from 20 Hz
to 20 kHz has approximately 10 octave
bands.
The 10 octaves are categorized as:
BASS (1st to 4th)
MIDRANGE (5th to 8th)
TREBLE (9th and 10th octave
Vocal Range
Vocal Range
15 to 30 dB
APPARENT
LOUDNESS
VERY
FAINT
FAINT
60 to 80 dB
MODERAT
E
LOUD
80 to 130
dB
130 dB
VERY
LOUD
DEAFENIN
30 to 60 dB
THRESHOLD
HEARING
OF
AVERAGE
CONVERSATION
120 dB
THRESHOLD OF PAIN
150
dB
PERMANENT DAMAGE
TO HEARING
SPL (dB)
Faintest Audible
Sound
Whisper
0
20
Quiet Residence
30
Soft Stereo in
Residence
Speech Range
40
50 - 70
Cafeteria
80
Pneumatic Jack
Hammer
Loud Crowd Noise
90
100
Accelerating
Motorcycle
Rock Concert
100
140
120
Sample Problems
Determine the speed of sound in air at
STP.
NOTE (@STP):
= 1.4 for air,
= 1.29kg/m^3,
P = 1 atm
= 1.01325x10^5
Pa
S = 331.61
m/s
Sample Problems
A camera focuses using ultrasound. If it
focuses precisely at 20 degree Celsius,
how far off (%) will it be at 0 degree
Celsius?
3.53%
Sample Problems
A flute with all of the holes closed can
be considered as a tube with both ends
open. It has a fundamental frequency of
261.6 Hz (which is the middle C.
Calculate the 3rd harmonic, 3rd overtone,
3rd octaves, and 3rd decades of the
fundamental frequency calculated.
3rd harmonic
Hz
3rd overtone
kHz
3rd octaves
784.8
= 1.0464
= 2.0928
Acoustics
Fundamentals