Abnormalitas Cairan

Tubuh dan Feses

Kuliah Patologi Klinik
PKH-UB 2014

Cairan Efusi

Cavitary efusion

Chyle (/kal/; from the Greek word chylos,

"juice") is a milky bodily fluid consisting of lymph
and emulsified fats, or free fatty acids (FFAs).

Thoracocentesis

Thoracocentesis is used to remove air

or fluid from the pleural space

UJI RIVALTA

Rivaltas test is a very simple, inexpensive method

that does not require special laboratory equipment and
can be easily performed in private practice.
This test was originally developed by the Italian
researcher Rivalta around 1900 and was used to
differentiate transudates and exudates in human
patients.
This test is very useful in cats to differentiate between
effusions due to FIP and effusions caused by other
diseases [Hartmann et al., 2003]. Not only the high
protein content, but high concentrations of fibrinogen
and inflammatory mediators lead to a positive
reaction.

UJI RIVALTA

To perform this test, a transparent reagent tube

(volume 10 ml) is filled with approximately 7-8 ml
distilled water, to which 1 drop of acetic acid
(98%) is added and mixed thoroughly. On the
surface of this solution, 1 drop of the effusion fluid
is carefully layered.
If the drop disappears and the solution remains
clear, the Rivaltas test is defined as negative.
If the drop retains its shape, stays attached to the
surface or slowly floats down to the bottom of the
tube (drop- or jelly-fish-like), the Rivaltas test is
defined as positive

UJI RIVALTA

The Rivaltas test had a high

positive predictive value (86%) and
a very high negative predictive
value for FIP (96%) in a study in
which cats that presented with
effusion were investigated
(prevalence of FIP 51%) [Hartmann
et al., 2003].
Positive Rivaltas test results can
occur in cats with bacterial
peritonitis or lymphoma.

Ascites

Ascites is the accumulation of unwanted fluid in the abdominal

cavity, either from normal functions (physiologic) or resulting
from disease (pathologic). Fluid accumulates between the
body wall and the internal organs.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Cerebrospinal Fluid
INDICATIONS
1. The examination of cerebrospinal fluid is indicated for
the diagnosis of diseases of central nervous system.
2. In the evaluation of clinical signs associated with
central nervous system, the cerebrospinal fluid is
examined.
3. For the evaluation of prognosis and effect of therapy,
the examination of cerebrospinal fluid is advised.
4. Cerebrospinal fluid is used for radiographic procedures
employed to demonstrate the shape of cerebrospinal
fluid containing system and to reveal the changes due
to disease

Spinal needles for use in small

animals are available in 20 to 22
gauge and 1- 1/2 to 3- 1/2 inches in
length. All spinal needles have a
stylet.

COLLECTION OF
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
In horses, sheep, goats, pigs
and dogs, the cerebrospinal
fluid is collected from suboccipital region
while in cattle and
buffaloes, the lumbo-sacral
site is preferred.

CSF Pressure (by manometer)

Tekanan CSF meningkat karena neoplasma,

abses, hemoragi, hydrocephalus. Vena sinus

mengalami tekanan oleh lesi sehingga
penyerapan cairan melalui villi arachnoid
terganggu
Defisiensi vitamin A, menyebabkan
gangguan penyerapan cairan
Peningkatan cairan CCF pada edema
cerebral akibat luka di kepala

Tekanan CSF pada beberapa kondisi

penyakit di hewan
No

Disease

CSF
Pressure

Normal

Canine distemper

120

170

Canine cryptococcal
meningitis

364

170

Canine toxoplasma
encephalitis

256

170

Suppurative
meningoencephalitis
pada sapi

168

200

Polioencephalitis

220

Brain tumors

170-410

Polioencephalomalaci
a in goats

210

WARNA

merah karena chronic hemmorhagic;

kuning-putih pada infeksi septicemic
thromboembolic meningoencephalitis.
Kuning karena adanya bilirubin
(xantochormic) pada kondisi perdarahan
subarachnoid, hematoma extradural, spinal
block, brain tumor, abses, keratonemia dan
toxoplasma akut.
Warna kehijauan atau keabuan bisa terjadi
karena adanya sel radang pada peradangan
akut.

Turbiditas, CSF yang keruh

menandakan adanya komponen
seluler karena proses radang
Koagulasi, CSF normal tidak
mengalami koagulasi, koagulasi
terjadi karena peningkatan unsur
fibrinogen, pada kejadian meningitis
supurative akut,

Synovial Fluids

Arthrocentesis

Arthrocentesis
can generally be
performed with
light sedation of
the animal
A 20 gauge
needle and 3 ml
syringe are used

INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS OF
JOINTS

The inflammatory conditions of joints are

of 3 types (i) non infectious (ii) infectious
and (iii) immune complex mediated.
Earlier the immune complex mediated
arthritis was included in the noninfectious joint inflammations but in this,
it has been described in a separate class
for a better understanding of immune
mediated arthritis.

The non-infectious arthritis includes

degenerative and traumatic type of
joint inflammations. In this the
synovial fluid is clear with good or
fair mucin clot, normal glucose and
protein contents with a cellular
content of 100-1000/mm3.

The infectious arthritis is caused by

bacteria,mycoplasma, chlamydia or viral
agents either in single or in combination.
The synovial fluid is less viscous,
coloured, foul smelling, turbid, thick,
opaque, often clots on standing with poor
mucin test. The glucose content is
lowered with increased protein contents.
Microorganisms can be demonstrated or
isolated from the synovial fluid.

Pemeriksaan Feses

INTERPRETASI
CYTOLOGY EFFUSI
Sebutkan sel apa yang bisa kalian
amati

INTERPRETASI KASUS 1
(Effusi Pleura)

Pleural Effusion Actinomycosis

INTERPRETASI KASUS 2 (Pleura)

Hemorraghic Effusion

Neoplastic, Lymphoma

INTERPRETASI KASUS 3
Pleura Effusion

emorraghic Effusion,

INTERPRETASI KASUS 4
(Pericardial)

INTERPRETAASI KASUS 5
Fecal Smear

Candidiasis

INTERPRETASI KASUS 6 (SCF)

Mixed Cell Pleocytosis

INTERPRETASI KASUS 7 (CSF)

PLEOCYTOSIS

HEMORRHAGE WITH MONONUCLEAR

INTERPRETASI 8 (CSF)
PLEOCYTOSIS

MIXED CELL

AMOEBA PADA FESES (AMOEBIASIS)

TERIMA KASIH