Transmission Lines

Two wire open line

a

Strip line

w
h

Coaxial
Cable

a
b

Two Wire Open Line

Ex = E0 exp (i[kz -t]), Hy = (E0/Z0) exp (i[kz- t]).

Consider a plane wave propagating along the z-direction in
vacuum, and polarized with its electric vector along the x-axis: its
magnetic field vector must be directed along the y-axis. Now
introduce two infinitely conducting metal planes which block of all
of space except the region between x= +a and x= -a, see Figure
above. The boundary conditions at x= a that must be
satisfied by the electric and magnetic fields are:
(1) the tangential components of E must be zero;
(2) the normal component of H must be zero.

A strip-line.

Ex = E0,

V = E0d,

Hy = E0=Z0,

I=wJs=w(E0/Z0).

The electric field has only an x-component, if edge effects are

neglected, and in the first approximation this component is
independent of position across the width of the strip, i.e. Ex is
independent of y. Similarly, the magnetic field has only a ycomponent and this is independent of x and y.

Co-axial Line

Hy = 0c G(z + ct) = -Ex/Z0

The electric field has a radial
component, Er, and the magnetic field
has only the component H
independent of the angle .

Transmission

Two wire open line

The field distribution due to a pair of
wires

Two wire open line

Line Behavior
When the switch is closed how long does
the lamp take before it lights?
If we make it easy and let
the length of the wires
between battery and lamp
be 3.108 m, then the time
between the switch
closing and lamp lighting
will be approximately
______s.

http://www.sfu.ca/physics/associate/emeriti/cochran/MAXou
tline.html

Two wire open line

Does this mean that electrons are
traveling at the speed of light?
Does it mean that the mechanism relies
on electromagnetic energy being
transported from start to finish of the
structure?
If so where is the energy stored during
transit?
If it is electromagnetic energy that is
stored then it has to be stored in
inductance for magnetic energy and
capacitance for electric energy.
This means that the transmission line has
to have an inductance (per unit length)
and a capacitance (per unit length).

Two wire open line

Low Loss line at High Frequency

Inductance and capacitance are uniformly and continuously

distributed as L (Henrys/m) and C (Farads/m) respectively.
When the switch is closed and a voltage V is applied to the
line through a source impedance Zs, simple reasoning
shows that the C's take a finite time to charge up through
the L's; thus, the voltage propagates at a finite rate
towards the load i.e. volts do not reach the load
instantaneously.

Transmission in Capacitive
Let L and C beElement
distributed inductance
and capacitance per unit length.
In time t, electric flux q = (C x)v ( Q
= CV) is
produced in time x/u sec , and
i(amps) = q/ t = C x v/ t
(capacitive charging or "displacement"
current)

i = C x v /( x/ u ) = Cvu

(I)

Transmission in Magnetic
Element
In time t, magnetic
flux linkages =(L x)i
(from = LI) ; are produced in time x/u sec
v(volts) = / t = L xi/ t=Liu (ind Volts)
(II)
Multiplying I and II:- vi =vi CLu2
Or u = 1/ LC ms-1velocity of propagation
Dividing I by II:i/v =vC/iL or v2/i2 =L/C
v/I = L/CCharacteristic Impedance Z0

Energy Transmission
v2
i2

L
=
C

; i2 L = v2C

Li2 = Cv2
Note:- the equality of Electric and
Magnetic field energy in unit
length of transmission line.

Movement of Energy
Rate of energy input to line due to
advance of wavefront, is vi watts.

resistive load, connected directly to voltage

source. Rate of energy input, due to thermal
dissipation in R, is vi watts (also i2R).

Movement of Energy
Rate of energy input = vi watts.
Idea of a
'matched line': looks like an
infinitely
Note: if Rg = Z0, maximum power if
long line.

transferred from the generator to the

line.

Movement of Energy
As can be seen from the intuitive
picture of a transmission line,
wave propagation characteristics
are dependent on the inductance
and capacitance of the line. Thus
we need to find expressions for
the L and C of typical lines.

Inductance in Two wire line

Inductance
Assume r << S
Due to conductor A,
for 1 amp
Linkages per
metre, axially,
L

Inductance in Two wire

line

Due to conductor B, an identical expression is

Obtained:-

Mutual Inductance
Between 2 Twin Lines
External field due to 1 amp in line A, at radius

Mutual Inductance
Between 2 Twin Lines
Flux linkages per metre axially through circuit
(between conductor 1 & 2) is :-

=
B=

Capacitance two wire

line
Capacitance of a Twin Line (r << S)

Assign a line charge of 1 C/m to both conductors.

D at x from conductor A is;

Capacitance two wire

line

and

Similarly for VB(=VA)

R, L, C of Two wire line

per unit length

Rdc=

ohm/m

2A2
0
d
L = loge a
0
C=
loge (d/a)

H/m
F/m

Z0Twin-wire line
Characteristic Impedence

For air, therefore Z0 = 120 loge(b/a), (approx )

0
L=
C=

d
loge
a
0

loge (d/a)