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NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

KURUKSHETRA

SEMINAR
ON
DESIGN OF WIND TURBINE BLADE
SUBMITTED BY:
K.VENKETESH
31506209

INTRODUCTION OF WIND TURBINE:


A Wind turbine is a device which converts kinetic energy
from the wind into useful work.
Smaller turbines are used for application of battery
charging for auxiliary power boats, slightly larger turbines are
used in domestic power supply.
Bigger

turbines

are

increasing

important

source

of

renewable energy and is a strategy to reduce reliance on


fossil fuels.
So in many countries wind turbine is a widely used to
produce power from wind which is abundantly available in
nature.

TYPES OF WIND TURBINE:


HORIZONTAL AXIS:
In horizontal axis wind turbine the main rotor shaft and
electric generator at the top of the tower and must be pointed
into the wind. And have a gear box which converts low speed to
high speed.

VERTICAL AXIS:
Vertical axis turbines have the main rotor arranged vertically.
Turbine need not point to the wind to be effective. Generator
and gear box placed near the ground.
Low speed of the rotor.
High cost of drive train.
Dynamic loading in each
cycle resulting to fatigue
failure.

DESIGN OF WIND TURBINE BLADE:


Before designing wind turbine blade following thing must be
taken into account:
Types of structural load.
Types of stress generated due to load.
Material needed to withstand the load.
Maximum strain and tip deflection.
Cost of the turbine blade.

STRUCTURAL LOAD ANALYSIS


Flap wise bending Result of aerodynamic
loads. It is therefore efficient to place load bearing
material in the spar cap region of the blade at
extreme portions from the central plane of bending.

Edgewise Bending -The edgewise bending


moment is a result of blade mass and gravity.

Fatigue loading Fatigue loading is a result of


gravitational cyclic loads, which are equal to the
number of rotations throughout the lifetime of the
turbine.

SECTIONAL
VIEW:

Cross section of a blade with references to


the airfoil shell, spar flanges and shear
webs :1, 2 and 3 respectively.

MATERIAL SELECTION:
Needs lightweight and

STEEL-Heavy and

high stiffness, hence

expensive

composites.

Aluminium

Wood/laminates

Lighter weight and

Glass fibre laminates

easy to work with

Carbon fibre laminates

Expensive
Subject to metal
fatigue due to cycilc
loading.

CALCULATION OF WIND POWER:


Power in the Wind =
AV3

Effect of swept area, A


Effect of wind speed,
V
Effect of air density,

Swept Area: A = R2
Area of the circle
swept by the rotor
(m2).

BETZ LIMIT:
All wind power cannot
be captured by rotor or air
would be completely still
behind rotor and not allow
more wind to pass
through.
Theoretical limit of rotor
efficiency is 59%
Most modern wind
turbines are in the 35
45% range

ROTOR SOLIDITY:
Solidity is the ratio of total
rotor planform area to total
swept area.
Low solidity (0.10) = high speed,
low torque.

High solidity (>0.80) = low speed,


high torque

Solidity =
3a/A

Number of Blades One


Rotor must move more

rapidly to capture same


amount of wind

Gearbox ratio reduced


Added weight of

counterbalance negates
some benefits of lighter
design
Higher speed means
more noise, visual, and
wildlife impacts
Blades easier to install
because entire rotor can be
assembled on ground
Captures 10% less energy
than two blade design
Ultimately provide no cost
savings

Number of Blades - Two


Advantages &

disadvantages similar
to one blade
Need shock absorbers
because of gyroscopic
imbalances
Capture 5% less
energy than three
blade designs

Number of Blades Three


Balance of gyroscopic

forces
Slower rotation

increases gearbox

& transmission
costs
More aesthetic,
less noise, fewer
bird strikes

Airfoil Shape
Just like the wings of an
airplane, wind turbine
blades use the airfoil
shape to create lift and
maximize efficiency.

The Bernoulli Effect

FAILURE CRITERIA:
1) TIP FAILURE:
The tip deflection criteria requires that
a minimum 30% clearance of the static
tower to tip distance maintained for turning
tower and 5% for parked condition. The
maximum tip deflection during the (EWM)
load conditions was limited 11.48m.
2) BUCKLING FAILURE:
The buckling study required a 1.634 safety
factor, meaning that the structure must be
capable of withstanding 1.634 times the
worst case buckling condition.

3)MATERIAL
STRAINS:
The maximum and

minimum strain criteria


were used to verify that no elements in the
model exceeded the design strains of the
material. The material design strains were
determined from the partial safety factors for
the loads and the combined partial safety
factors for the materials. The partial safety
factor for the material based on short term
(static) verification was found to be 2.205. The
partial safety factor for aerodynamic loads
was defined as 1.35 in for normal and extreme
loading conditions.

SUMMARY OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND


ANALYSIS:
The blade length determines how much wind
power can be captured, according to the swept
area of the rotor disc. Of all the energy in the
wind, only about half can realistically be extracted
(Betzs limit).
The blades have an aerodynamic profile in cross
section to create lift and rotate the turbine .
Typically the rotational speed chosen so that the
tips are moving at seven to ten times the wind
speed, and there are usually no more than three
blades.

Primarily the blade is loaded in bending, due to the


aerodynamic lift forces (flapwise) and to a lesser extent
the blades own weight (edgewise). To resist bending,
unidirectional fibres running along the length of the
blade are placed as far apart as possible in the flapwise
direction .
The aerodynamic shape is formed by shells which are
stiffened by using a sandwich construction. Thin skins,
usually of glass reinforced plastic, are placed either side
of a light weight foam core. The resulting sandwich
construction is stiff enough to resist bending due to
aerodynamic pressures and buckling .
Glass fibre reinforced laminates offer good strength to
weight ratio. Carbon fibre is more expensive but much
stiffer and stronger, so tends to be used for the spar
caps of longer blades.

REFERENCE
S:
WIKIPEDIA
FLUID MECHANICS BY MODI AND SETH
WIND TURBINE BOOK BY E .HAU

Thank you

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