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VECTORS
AND
GALILEAN TRANSFORMATIONS
Vectors
Consider Newtons second law
Consider a vector A
Or
Addition of 2 vectors
Consider 2 vectors A and B, Then A + B is
Subtraction of vectors
Consider 2 vectors A and B, then A B is considered as
A + ( B)
Laws of vectors
Some laws of vectors are as follows
Multiplication of vectors:
Scalar product or Dot product
The scalar product of A and B is defined as follows
where is the angle between them
as shown.
Also
Or B is perpendicular to A
i.e. Cos = 0.
And
Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus
Base vectors
Base vectors are the unit vectors along the 3 axes as shown
Their properties are
Example 1
A sailor in a small sailboat encounters shifting winds. She
sails 2.00 km east, then 3.50 km southeast, and then an
additional distance in an unknown direction. Her final
position is 5.80 km directly east of her starting point. Find
the magnitude of the third leg of the journey
Solution
Consider the diagram
ors
A
2.0 km
length
2
3.5
C
5.8
x-comp
2
3.5Cos 45
CX
5.8
finish
45
y- comp
0
B
-3.5Sin 45
3.5 km
CY
0
AX + BX +CX
= RX - AX - BX and CY = RY - AY BY
US CX = 5.8-2-3.5Cos45= 1.33Km
CY = 0-0+3.5Sin 45= 2.47Km
1.33 km
2.47
tan
1.07 radian
1.33
180
1.07 radian
61.69o
north of east.
Example
Example
In Cartesian coordinate
In Polar coordinates
Substituting for
Thus, we get
If
Then
Also
Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus
In Polar coordinates
And
But
Thus
Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus
Similarly
Thus velocity in polar coordinates is
Or
Further simplifying
Special cases
Galilean Transformation
Consider an inertial system (x, y, z) at rest and another (x, y, z) is
translating uniformly in +x direction with velocity v. Let the origin
coincide at t = 0
Where,
Example
For example, the problem
Hence,
Thus,
Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus
dv
F ma m
dt
mdv Fdt
m dv
4t
1
i 3tj dt
4t 3 3t 2
mv
i
j
3
2
1
0
4 3
5 v i j
3
2
4 3
v i
j
15 10
Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus
dv
dv dr
dv
F m
m
mv
dt
dr dt
dr
dr 4t 3 3t 2
m
i
j
dt
3
2
1
4t 3 3t 2
mdr 0 3 i 2 j dt
t4 t3
t4 t3
mr i j r i
j
3
2
15
10
3
4
3
r v
6
.
67
10
k
150 150
Prof S. Karthiyayini, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus
Thank you