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Respiration
Autotrophs
They (plants, algae, and some prokaryotes) are
organisms that can use the energy in sunlight, carbon
dioxide, and water to make food.
They are also known as the producers since they are
able to produce food.
Types of autotrophs
Photoautotrophs: use sun energy e.g. plants
photosynthesis-makes organic compounds (glucose)
from light
Chemoautotrophs: use chemical energy e.g.
bacteria that use sulfide or methane chemosynthesismakes organic compounds from chemical energy
contained in sulfide or methane
Heterotrophs
They (animals, fungi, and many unicellular
organisms) are organisms that cannot make their own
food.
They are also called consumers because they
consume other organisms to get energy.
Energy Exchange
Oxidation-Reduction
Oxidation - The loss of an electron from an atom or
ion. Oxidized molecules are low in energy.
Reduction - It is the addition of electrons to an atom or
ion. The process is called reduction because the
addition of electrons, which carry a negative charge,
reduces the charge of the molecules.
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Simply redox reactions
Chemical reactions in which one molecule is oxidized
and the other is reduced.
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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What is photosynthesis?
Light / Energy
Glucose
Water
Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen
Water
Photosynthesis
The process by which autotrophs convert sunlight to a
usable form energy.
The process that uses light to make organic
compounds from inorganic water and carbon dioxide.
The following equation summarized photosynthesis:
CO2
+ H2 O
Light Energy
(CH2O)n + O2
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Water
Carbon
Dioxide
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C6H12O6 + 6O2
Solar
energy
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Phases of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis requires energy from the sun, but the
sun is not available 24 hours a day.
Photosynthesis must occur in two phases
Light-dependent Reactions (light reactions)
Convert light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH)
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Light-dependent Reactions
Sunlight strikes the chlorophyll molecules in the
thylakoid membrane.
Light energy is transferred to electrons
The electrons become highly energized and are
passed down an Electron Transport Chain
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Light-dependent Reactions
The Electron Transport Chain is a series of proteins
in the thylakoid membrane
As the electrons are transferred from one protein to
another, some energy is released which
helps join ADP and Phosphate to form ATP
Pump hydrogen ions into the center of the thylakoid disk to
join H+ and NADP+ forming NADPH (electron carrier)
ATP and NADPH will be used during the lightindependent reactions
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Light-dependent Reactions
The electrons excited by the light energy that passed
down the electron transport chain and left with NADPH
need to be replaced so the reaction can happen again.
To replace those electrons, a water molecule is split
(photolysis), sending electrons back to the chlorophyll
and releasing Oxygen and Hydrogen ions into the
atmosphere this supplies the oxygen that we breathe
Photolysis
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Light-dependent Reactions
Solar Energy
absorbed by
chloroplasts
Oxygen
released
ATP
Released
NADPH
released
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Products of Light
Reactions (ATP and
NADPH) fuel the dark
reactions
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Light-independent Reactions
The second phase of photosynthesis does not require
light and is called the Calvin Cycle.
The Calvin Cycle occurs in the stroma of the
chloroplast.
The Calvin Cycle uses the ATP and NADPH that
was built during the light-dependent reactions
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Uses another
ATP to
replenish RuBP
Builds a glucose
molecule
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Photosynthesis Equation
Light
Energy
6CO2 + 6H2O
chloroph
yll
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon
Glucose
Dioxide
Made in the
from the air
Calvin Cycle
Used in
during the
the Calvin
Dark
Oxygen
Cycle
Water Split
Reactions
Released
during the
during
during
Dark
Photolysis in
Photolysis in
Reactions
the Light
the Light
Reactions
Plants can use this
glucose molecule for energy during
Cellular
Reactions
Respiration. Plants can also convert this glucose molecule into other
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organic compounds such
as proteins and fats/lipids or other 28
Temperature
The temperature must be in the appropriate range for the
plant in order for photosynthesis to properly occur
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
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Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration: Process by which mitochondria
break down food molecules to produce ATP in plants
and animals
Nutrients + oxygen water + ATP + CO2
Changes organic chemical energy (glucose) into
inorganic chemical energy (ATP)
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Cellular Respiration
The process by which food molecules are broken down to
release energy for work.
It appears to be the reverse of photosynthesis; the reactants of
one are the products of the other.
Photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O + energy
C6H12O11
Respiration
C6H12O11 CO2 + H2O + energy
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Glycolysis
Glycolysis: Breaks down glucose into two molecules
of pyruvic acid (a colorless acid formed as an
important intermediate in metabolism or
fermentation)
This reaction uses enzymes and takes place in the
cytoplasm of the cell (anaerobic reaction)
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Glycolysis
Produces
2 pyruvic acid molecules (used in the next step of
Cellular Respiration)
2 ATP molecules (energy the cell can use)
2 NADH (electron carrier)
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Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic respiration involves the presence of oxygen
in breaking down of pyruvate to carbon dioxide,
water and energy.
During aerobic respiration, ATP is produced in two
pathways known as the:
* Kreb Cycle
* Electron Transport Chain
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Kreb Cycle
It is also called the citric acid cycle.
It is the series of oxidation reactions that make up the
second phase of aerobic respiration.
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Pyruvate
from
Glycolysis
fuels the
cycle
CO2 is
releas
ed
NADH
and
FADH2
is
release
ATP
is
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releas
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Energy Tally
36 ATP for aerobic vs. 2 ATP for anaerobic
Glycolysis
Krebs
2 ATP
2 ATP
Electron Transport
32 ATP
36 ATP
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Anaerobic Respiration
The chemical reactions that release energy from food
molecules in the absence of oxygen.
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Fermentation
When oxygen is not available anaerobic respiration,
fermentation, can follow glycolysis in order to
continue to produce energy.
This is not as efficient as aerobic respiration and
produces far fewer ATPs
Two types of fermentation:
Lactic acid Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation
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Alcoholic Fermentation
Yeast and some bacteria cells are capable of
alcoholic fermentation during which glucose is
broken down to release CO2 and ethyl alcohol
Glucose pyruvic acid alcohol + CO2 + ATP
The bubbles formed by the CO2 make
bread rise
The alcohol released
turns grape juice into wine
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Cellular Respiration
ATP
Glucose
Pyruvic
Acid
NADH
and FADH
Glycolysis
Pyruvic
Acid
CO2
ATP
NADH
and FADH
Water
Electron Transport Chain
Oxygen
ATP
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Water
released
from
Electro
n
Transpo
rt
Chain
ATP released
from
Glycolysis,
Citric Acid
Cycle, and
Electron
Transport
Chain
Oxygen from
the
atmosphere
Used in
Electron
Transport
Used in
Chain
Glycolysis
Between 34-36 ATP can be made with this process.
This ATP can be used by the cells for cellular metabolism.
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Cellular Respiration
Releases Energy in
glucose
Occurs in Living
Cells
Uses an Electron
Transport Chain
Occurs in Plant
Cells
Occurs in Animal
Cells
Releases Oxygen
Releases Carbon
Dioxide
Creates Energy
Neither!
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