Design & Engineering of a

765/400 kV Air Insulated

Substation

Rishiraj Sarker
Under the guidance of
Prof. (Dr.) Susanta Kr. Bhattacharya
Master of Technology (Power System)
Roll No. 10913413010,
Netaji Subhash Engineering College
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Organization
What is a Substation?
Advantages of 765 kV
Substation?
Basic System
Parameters
Typical Components
Protection Schemes

Single Line Diagram

Design Challenges
Conclusion & Future
Work
Bibliography

Substation:

A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission,

and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to
low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important
functions.

Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may

flow through several substations at different voltage levels.

Some substations, such as power plant switchyard are simply

switching stations where different connections can be made between
various transmission lines.

Transformer Substation

Advantages?
A single-circuit 765 kV line can carry as much power as three
single-circuit 500 kV lines or 3 double circuit 345 kV lines,
reducing the required rights of way (ROW).
With six conductors per phase, 765 kV lines are virtually free from
thermal overload risk.
Typical 765 kV lines have a tower height of approximately 130140 feet. This is 30-40 feet shorter than a typical double circuit 400
kV tower.
Greater transmission efficiency can be attributed to its higher
operating voltage, and larger thermal capacity compared to lower
voltages.
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Basic System
Rated voltage (kV)
Parameters
800

Nominal voltage (kV)

765

Rated frequency (Hz)

50

System Neutral Earthing

Effectively earthed

Rated current (A)

2000

Short circuit current and

duration

40 kA for one second

Typical Components of a
Substation (Switchyard
section)

 Bus-Bar Arrangement
A Breaker-and-a-half Bus-bar
arrangement scheme has been
implemented for the design of a 765 kV
switchyard. The key advantages of using
this arrangement:
Flexible operation and high reliability.
Isolation of either bus without service
disruption.
Double feed to each circuit.
Bus fault does not interrupt service to
any circuits.

 Transformer Overview
Three winding
Transformer
(HV/IV/LV MVA)
630/630/210

Voltage Ratio

Cooling

765/400/33

ONAN-OFAF or
ONAN/ODAF

Connections

Short circuit level

Current Transformer
Transformation Ratio
Accuracy Class
Rated Burden

HV & IV star, neutral effectively

earthed
LV delta
40 kA (rms) for 1 second
Equipment
Metering
Bus-Bar
Protection
Protection
2000-1000500/1

2000-1000500/1

2000-1000/1

PS

0.2

PS

15 VA
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 Transformer Overview
Capacitive Voltage
Transformer

Equipment
Protection

Transformation Ratio
Accuracy Class
Rated Burden

Metering

765/3 kV/110/3 V
3P

0.2

50 VA

50 VA

10

 Isolators
An isolator accomplishes the
operation of disconnection. It
is desired to operate under no
load condition and must be
capable of carrying fault
current.
Vertical Break
3 Poles
Pantograph
Electrical/ Manually operated
isolator is used.

Disconnect Switch
( moving contact rod (A) &
contacts with flexible fingers
(B) )

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 Circuit Breakers
Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) Circuit
Breaker advantages:

Reduced maintenance
Circuit breaker contacts can be
operated at higher temperature
High insulating property of the
gas
Interrupts capacitive currents
without re-striking
Contact erosion is very slight
as arcing time is short

Disconnect Switch
( moving contact rod (A) &
contacts with flexible fingers
(B) )

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 Protective Relays
A protective relay is a device which senses
the abnormal condition in power system and
gives command to trip coil of the circuit
breakers to disconnect the faulty section from
the healthy system. The relay circuit
connections can be divided into three parts:
Primary winding of a current transformer
(C.T.) which is connected in series with the
line to be protected.
Second part consists of secondary winding
of C.T. and the relay operating coil.
Third part is the tripping circuit which may
be either a.c. or d.c.
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 Surge Arrester
Devices used to provide the necessary path to
ground for such surges, yet prevent any power
current from following the surge. An ideal arrester
must therefore have the following properties:
Ability to remove the surge energy from the line
in a minimum time.
Breakdown voltage must be more than normal or
abnormal fundamental voltage.
It must be capable of carrying the resulting
discharge current without damaging itself.
Gapless (Metal Oxide) Surge Arrester is used in 765
kV Substation.
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 Shunt Reactors
Rating (single phase) MVAR

50, 80, 110 in three phase banks

Winding connection

Star

Neutral earthing

Earthed through Neutral Grounding

Reactor

Type of cooling

ONAN

Shunt Reactor (Connected to tertiary of power transformer to

provide back-up reactive compensation):
Rated voltage (kV)

33

Number of phases

Rating (three phase) MVAR

31.5, 50, 63, 80

Winding connection

Star with neutral left inside

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 D.C. System of the

The 220 V DC and 110 V DC voltages are used in the following circuits:
Protection Systems
Emergency lightning
Operating mechanisms

Substation

The 48 V DC voltages are used in the following circuits:

Micro-wave Protection
Communication
The 24 V DC voltages are used in the following circuits:
Control circuits
D.C. Measuring Instruments
Static Relays

16

Protection Schemes
Line Protection:
1) Main I - Carrier aided distance protection.
2) Main II Carrier aided protection based on directional comparison
using phase comparison principles.
3) Directional Earth fault Scheme Two sets of directional earth
fault relays, one for each main protection to cover high resistance
faults.
4) Over-voltage Protection The relay have two stages and shall be
able to monitor phase to neutral voltage for all the three phases.

17

Protection Schemes
Auto Transformer Protection:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

Differential protection (Percentage Biased)

High Impedance differential Protection
Over fluxing Protection
Back-up directional Overcurrent Protection
Overload Protection
Neutral standby earth Protection
Delta Circulating current Protection

18

Protection Schemes
Shunt Reactor Protection:
1) Differential protection (Percentage Biased)
2) Restricted Earth fault Protection
3) Back-up Protection

Bus-Bar Protection:
1) High Speed differential Protection
2) Circuit Breaker Failure Protection
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Single Line Diagram

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Design Challenges

Failure of composite insulator

Observation of Corona on equipment
Corona problem in 765 kV Surge Arrestor
Leakage of SF6 gas from 765 kV Current Transformer

The above mentioned problems are found while designing the 765/400
kV substation in Seoni, Madhya Pradesh, India. The problems
are mitigated by useful solutions taken by the professionals.
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Conclusions & Future

Work
The project on Design and engineering of a 765/400 kV
transmission substation, is aimed to give a brief outline of the
Design and Coordination of various equipments is handled in a
substation.
The approach used in this project, helps us to design a 1200 kV
transmission substation, which is already implemented experimentally
at Bina, Madhya Pradesh. This will usher a new phase in the
transmission sector as with a limited right of way (Row), bulk power
will be evacuated from the point of generation to the load centre.

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Bibliography

CIGRE Working Group A3.22, Technical requirements for

Substation equipment exceeding 800 kV AC, Draft Chapter 1 and
3.3.6 Rev. E1.
Dr. S. Mukhopadhyay, Chief Engineer (SETD), CEA; Standard
Parameter of 800 kV Class Transmission System in India.
The Indian Electricity Rules, 1956.
I. S. Jha, Oomen Chandy, R. K. Sarkar, A. B. Singh; Design
Challenges in 765 kV Air Insulated Substation, Power Grid
Corporation of India Limited; New Delhi, India, CIGRE 2012.
Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Ltd., Construction
Manual for Substation.
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Acknowledgements
I take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude towards my
guide Prof. (Dr.) Susanta Kr. Bhattacharya, for providing excellent
guidance, encouragement and inspiration throughout the project work.
Without his invaluable guidance, this work would never have been a
successful one.

I would also like to thank all my classmates for their valuable

suggestions and helpful discussions.

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THANK YOU

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