AR6702

HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING

AR6702

HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING

Syllabus

UNIT I INTRODUCTION
9
Elements of Human Settlements human beings and settlements nature shells& Net work their functions and Linkages Anatomy &
classification of Human settlements Locational, Resource based, Population size & Occupational structure.
UNIT II FORMS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
9
Structure and form of Human settlements Linear, non-linear and circular Combinations reasons for development advantages and
disadvantages case studies factors influencing the growth and decay of human settlements.
UNIT III PLANNING CONCEPTS
9
Planning concepts and their relevance to Indian Planning practice in respect of Ebenezer Howard Garden city concepts and contents
Patrick Geddes Conservative surgery case study C.A. Perry Neighborhood concept Le Corbusier concept and case studies.
UNIT IV URBAN PLANNING AND URBAN RENEWAL
9
Scope and Content of Master plan planning area, land use plan and Zoning regulations zonal plan need, linkage to master plan and land
use plan planned unit development (PUD) need, applicability and development regulations - Urban Renewal Plan
Meaning,Redevelopment, Rehabilitation and Conservation JNNURM case studies.
UNIT V ISSUES IN CONTEMPORARY URBAN PLANNING IN INDIA
9
Globalization and its impact on cities Urbanisation, emergence of new forms of developments self sustained communities SEZ transit
development integrated townships case studies.

EKISTICS

 the science of human settlements

includes regional, city, community planning and dwelling design
involves the study of all kinds of human settlements, with a view to geography and
ecology the physical environment and human psychology and anthropology,
and cultural, political, and occasionally aesthetics
coined by Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis in 1942

Note: The population figures below are for Doxiadis' ideal future ekistic units for the year 2100 at
which time he estimated (in 1968) that Earth would achieve zero population growth at a population of
50,000,000,000 with human civilization being powered by fusion energy.

1. Anthropos

1
2. Room

2
3. House

5
4. House group (hamlet)

40
5. Small neighborhood (village)
250
6. Neighborhood

1,500
7. Small polis (town)

10,000
8. Polis (city)

75,000
9. Small metropolis

500,000
10.Metropolis

4 million
11.Small megalopolis

25 million
12.Megalopolis

150 million
13.Small eperopolis

750 million
14.Eperopolis

7,500 million
15.Ecumenopolis

50,000 million

Ekistic Units

Note: The population figures below are for Doxiadis' ideal future ekistic units for the year 2100 at
which time he estimated (in 1968) that Earth would achieve zero population growth at a population of
50,000,000,000 with human civilization being powered by fusion energy.

1. Anthropos

Ekistic Units

Note: The population figures below are for Doxiadis' ideal future ekistic units for the year 2100 at
which time he estimated (in 1968) that Earth would achieve zero population growth at a population of
50,000,000,000 with human civilization being powered by fusion energy.

1. Anthropos
2. Room

Ekistic Units

Note: The population figures below are for Doxiadis' ideal future ekistic units for the year 2100 at
which time he estimated (in 1968) that Earth would achieve zero population growth at a population of
50,000,000,000 with human civilization being powered by fusion energy.

1. Anthropos
2. Room
3. House

Ekistic Units

Note: The population figures below are for Doxiadis' ideal future ekistic units for the year 2100 at
which time he estimated (in 1968) that Earth would achieve zero population growth at a population of
50,000,000,000 with human civilization being powered by fusion energy.

1.
2.
3.
4.

Anthropos

Room

2
House

5
House group (hamlet)

40

Ekistic Units

Note: The population figures below are for Doxiadis' ideal future ekistic units for the year 2100 at
which time he estimated (in 1968) that Earth would achieve zero population growth at a population of
50,000,000,000 with human civilization being powered by fusion energy.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Anthropos

1
Room

2
House

5
House group (hamlet)

Small neighborhood (village)

40
250

Ekistic Units

Note: The population figures below are for Doxiadis' ideal future ekistic units for the year 2100 at
which time he estimated (in 1968) that Earth would achieve zero population growth at a population of
50,000,000,000 with human civilization being powered by fusion energy.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Anthropos

1
Room

2
House

5
House group (hamlet)

40
Small neighborhood (village)
250
Neighborhood

1,500

Ekistic Units

Note: The population figures below are for Doxiadis' ideal future ekistic units for the year 2100 at
which time he estimated (in 1968) that Earth would achieve zero population growth at a population of
50,000,000,000 with human civilization being powered by fusion energy.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Anthropos

1
Room

2
House

5
House group (hamlet)

40
Small neighborhood (village)
250
Neighborhood

1,500
Small polis (town)

10,000

Ekistic Units

Note: The population figures below are for Doxiadis' ideal future ekistic units for the year 2100 at
which time he estimated (in 1968) that Earth would achieve zero population growth at a population of
50,000,000,000 with human civilization being powered by fusion energy.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Anthropos

1
Room

2
House

5
House group (hamlet)

40
Small neighborhood (village)
250
Neighborhood

1,500
Small polis (town)

10,000
Polis (city)

75,000

Ekistic Units

Note: The population figures below are for Doxiadis' ideal future ekistic units for the year 2100 at
which time he estimated (in 1968) that Earth would achieve zero population growth at a population of
50,000,000,000 with human civilization being powered by fusion energy.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Anthropos

1
Room

2
House

5
House group (hamlet)

40
Small neighborhood (village)
250
Neighborhood

1,500
Small polis (town)

10,000
Polis (city)

75,000
Small metropolis

500,000

Ekistic Units

Note: The population figures below are for Doxiadis' ideal future ekistic units for the year 2100 at
which time he estimated (in 1968) that Earth would achieve zero population growth at a population of
50,000,000,000 with human civilization being powered by fusion energy.

1. Anthropos

1
2. Room

2
3. House

5
4. House group (hamlet)

40
5. Small neighborhood (village)
250
6. Neighborhood

1,500
7. Small polis (town)

10,000
8. Polis (city)

75,000
9. Small metropolis

500,000
10.Metropolis

4 million

Ekistic Units

Note: The population figures below are for Doxiadis' ideal future ekistic units for the year 2100 at
which time he estimated (in 1968) that Earth would achieve zero population growth at a population of
50,000,000,000 with human civilization being powered by fusion energy.

1. Anthropos

1
2. Room

2
3. House

5
4. House group (hamlet)

40
5. Small neighborhood (village)
250
6. Neighborhood

1,500
7. Small polis (town)

10,000
8. Polis (city)

75,000
9. Small metropolis

500,000
10.Metropolis

4 million
11.Small megalopolis

25 million

Ekistic Units

Note: The population figures below are for Doxiadis' ideal future ekistic units for the year 2100 at
which time he estimated (in 1968) that Earth would achieve zero population growth at a population of
50,000,000,000 with human civilization being powered by fusion energy.

1. Anthropos

1
2. Room

2
3. House

5
4. House group (hamlet)

40
5. Small neighborhood (village)
250
6. Neighborhood

1,500
7. Small polis (town)

10,000
8. Polis (city)

75,000
9. Small metropolis

500,000
10.Metropolis

4 million
11.Small megalopolis

25 million
12.Megalopolis

150 million

Ekistic Units

Note: The population figures below are for Doxiadis' ideal future ekistic units for the year 2100 at
which time he estimated (in 1968) that Earth would achieve zero population growth at a population of
50,000,000,000 with human civilization being powered by fusion energy.

1. Anthropos

1
2. Room

2
3. House

5
4. House group (hamlet)

40
5. Small neighborhood (village)
250
6. Neighborhood

1,500
7. Small polis (town)

10,000
8. Polis (city)

75,000
9. Small metropolis

500,000
10.Metropolis

4 million
11.Small megalopolis

25 million
12.Megalopolis

150 million
13.Small eperopolis

750 million

Ekistic Units

Note: The population figures below are for Doxiadis' ideal future ekistic units for the year 2100 at
which time he estimated (in 1968) that Earth would achieve zero population growth at a population of
50,000,000,000 with human civilization being powered by fusion energy.

1. Anthropos

1
2. Room

2
3. House

5
4. House group (hamlet)

40
5. Small neighborhood (village)
250
6. Neighborhood

1,500
7. Small polis (town)

10,000
8. Polis (city)

75,000
9. Small metropolis

500,000
10.Metropolis

4 million
11.Small megalopolis

25 million
12.Megalopolis

150 million
13.Small eperopolis

750 million
14.Eperopolis

7,500 million

Ekistic Units

Note: The population figures below are for Doxiadis' ideal future ekistic units for the year 2100 at
which time he estimated (in 1968) that Earth would achieve zero population growth at a population of
50,000,000,000 with human civilization being powered by fusion energy.

1. Anthropos

1
2. Room

2
3. House

5
4. House group (hamlet)

40
5. Small neighborhood (village)
250
6. Neighborhood

1,500
7. Small polis (town)

10,000
8. Polis (city)

75,000
9. Small metropolis

500,000
10.Metropolis

4 million
11.Small megalopolis

25 million
12.Megalopolis

150 million
13.Small eperopolis

750 million
14.Eperopolis

7,500 million
15.Ecumenopolis

50,000 million

Ekistic Units

HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

GENERAL

Physical elements (x axis)

(Shelter)

The definition of human settlement is as given below:

The fabric of human settlements consists of physical elements and services to which
these elements provide the material support. The physical components comprise shelter,
i.e. the superstructures of different shape, size, type and materials erected by mankind
for security, privacy, and protection from the elements and for his singularity within a
community; infrastructure, i.e. the complex networks designed to deliver or remove from
the shelter people, goods, energy of information. Services cover those required by a
community for the fulfillment of its functions as a social body, such as education, health,
culture, welfare,
and nutrition.
Servicesrecreation
are color nodes

Infrastructure (y axis)

Services

Dwellings

Infra

Human settlements means the totality of the human community - whether city, town or
village - with all the social, material, organizational, spiritual and cultural elements that sustain
it. The fabric of human settlements consists of physical elements and services to which these
elements provide the material support. The physical components comprise,

Shelter, i.e. the superstructures of different shapes, size, type and materials erected by
mankind for security, privacy and protection from the elements and for his singularity within a
community;

Infrastructure, i.e. the complex networks designed to deliver to or remove from the shelter
people, goods, energy or information;

Services cover those required by a community for the fulfillment of its functions as a social
body, such as education, health, culture, welfare, recreation and nutrition.

ELEMENTS
OF
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

These elements always interact with one

another.
A human being has some invisible spheres
around him. These spheres are the spheres
of the senses like touch, smell, sight,
hearing and also supernatural or spiritual.
The spiritual sphere is directly proportional
to his intellect.
People interact with one another by direct
interaction of these spheres.
Human habitation requires a certain amount
of overlapping of these spheres, and the
planning of habitation would mean, social
planning.
Human desires and endurances have
remained the same throughout the years
and manifestations of which have changed

EVOLUTION of
HUMAN
SETTLEMENTS

The evolution of human settlements is a

continuous cyclic process from the smallest,
the room, to the largest possible, the
universal human settlement.
The process are born, develop, decline
and die which can be compared to plant
and animal which are everywhere in this
universe.

Settlements may have an initial structure,

which only allows for a certain degree of
growth, but nothing excludes the possibility
of an expansion and transformation of this
structure, which will allow them to surpass
the initial structural limitations.
The human settlements have no predetermined death, though there is death in
their activities, there will be born of another
where the active exists.

The evolution of human settlements can be divided into five major

phases:

1. Primitive non-organised human settlements (started with the

evolution of man.)
2. Primitive organised settlements ( the period of villages - eopolis which lasted about 10,000 years.)
3. Static urban settlements or cities (polis - which lasted about 5,0006,000 years.)
4. Dynamic urban settlements (dynapolis - which lasted 200 - 400
years.)
5. The universal city (ecumenopolis - which is now beginning.)

1.Primitive human
settlements

Non - organised
settlements

1.Primitive human
settlements

Non - organised
settlements

The man began to modify Nature and to settle temporarily or permanently in different location. Probably
began with fire, they went on to animal husbandry and the domestication of grazing animals; afterwards
came deforestation and agriculture, and with it, permanent human settlements.

Man had settled first in natural shelters such as hollows in the ground, hollow trees or shallow caves,
before he began to build his own primitive and unorganised habitat. After first exploiting natural
formations and transforming them into dwellings, by various changes and additions, he began to
create shells independent of, and unrelated to, pre-existing natural forms and their boundary were
within certain limit beyond which the settlement had no link and transportation.

For example observing the level of agriculture communities. The communities take up a smaller area
where they are agricultural, and a larger one where they are hunting and cattle-breeding communities.
Their nucleus under normal conditions is in the center of gravity; or of security problem, in the safest
place in their area, or even beyond their area of cultivation.

There are no transportation and communication lines between the communities. If we look at these
primitive non-organised communities on a macro scale, there consists of a nucleus which is the built up
part of the human settlement, and several parts which lead out into the open, thinning out until they
disappear either because nobody goes beyond certain limits of the community or because these trips
take place so seldom that they would not be placed on the same scale of densities. There is no physical
lines connecting this primitive settlement with others; there are no networks between settlements.

1.Primitive human
settlements

Non - organised
settlements

2. Primitive human
settlements
Organised
settlements

2. Primitive human
settlements
Organised
settlements

Man, some ten to twelve thousand years ago, began to enter the era of
organised agriculture, his settlements also began to show some
characteristics of organisation.
2. Primitive human
settlements
Organised
settlements

It required time and acquisition of experience in organising the

relationship between man and man, man and nature, and finally
expressing these relationships through cohesive forms of
settlements.

In initial the human had one-room dwelling in circular form, to

organise the relationship of his community with other communities he
expanded his dwelling by placing many round forms side by side, then
elongated to elliptical ones and at some point came to conclusion and
adopted the rectilinear forms.
Due to the loss of space between them, they developed more regular
shapes with no space lost between them.
The evolution reached the stage at which a rectilinear pattern develops
into a regular grid - iron one.

2. Primitive human
settlements
Organised
settlements

In Nature evolution work towards a compression of circles and the

gradual formation of polygonic systems, the clearest form of which is the
hexagon. In evolution of human settlements we see two courses:

On the micro-scale, where man must divide the land, construct one or
more shells (rooms and houses), and circulate within a built-up area
(neighbourhood), the solution leads to a synthesis at a right angle;

On the macro-scale, where man must own and use space but not build
it, and circulate within it, although to a much lesser degree than before
(usually non more than one movement to and from every day), man
continues to follow the course of nature towards hexagonal patterns.

During this era of the development of human settlements the patterns

or regional distribution of the settlements differ depending on
the phase of evolution and the prevailing conditions of safety, the
population still small, the villages can be found in the plains, near the
rivers and near the sea. When the population becomes dense, new
patterns develop, and the villages come over to cover the entire plain on
the basis of the small hexagonal pattern and the hills and the
mountains on a larger hexagonal pattern. The development of land
cultivation, the population might be larger, but would still be smaller than
that of the era of large population and full exploitation of the land, when it

At some point 5,000 or 6,000 years ago, the first urban settlement
appeared as small cities in a plain or as fortresses on hills and mountains.

3.Static urban
settlements or
cities

As settlements grew in size, man came to realise that the principle of the
single-nucleus was not always valid in the internal organisation of the
total shells of the community, at this single nodal point, which was
adequate for the village and for small cities, no longer sufficed.
The first thing to happen was the expansion of the nucleus in one or
more directions; it was no longer limited to the settlement's center of
gravity.

Example:
The small settlement of Priene, in ancient Greece, where the central
nucleus expanded in two ways:
first in a linear form along a main street which contained shops
that would normally be clustered in the central agora,
the secondly through the decentralisation of some functions,
such as temples. In larger cities additional nodal points and central places
gradually came into being within the shells of the settlements - a
phenomenon that is unique to human settlements.

4.Dynamic urban
settlements

Started in the seventeenth century and became apparent only a century

later in all probability, it wall last for another 100 or 200 years until we
reach the next phase that of the universal settlement.
4.Dynamic urban
settlements

In the dynamic urban phase settlements in space are characterised by

continuous growth. Hence, all their problems are continuously intensified
(make stronger) and new ones continuously created.

Dynamic settlements, created as a result of an industrial technological

revolution, multiplying in number and form, and now being created at an
even higher rate. The evils described in them are the evils of yesterday
which are being multiplied today in a very dangerous manner. This makes
the dynamic settlement completely different from any other category of
settlements and a real threat to humanity itself.

Example: London - atmospheric pollution may be so severe as to account

for 4,000 deaths in a single week of intense "fog". Hydrocarbons,
lead, carcinogenic agents, deteriorating conditions of atmospheric
electricity -- all of these represent retrogressive processes introduced and
supported by man.

The man's position is dangerous in the dynamic settlement, this can be

shown through the following graph.

4.Dynamic urban
settlements

4.Dynamic urban
settlements
Dynapolis:

First expansion of the

urban settlement.

30 miles in diameter.

All part of the land it

covers
is
not
sterilised.

The
microorganisms
in the soil no longer
exist.

The original animal

inhabit
ants
have
largely
been
banished.

4.Dynamic urban
settlements
Dynapolis:


The first dynamic urban settlement - the early Dynapolis.

4.Dynamic urban
settlements
Dynapolis:

This is the phase when small independent human settlements when small
independent human settlements with independent administrative units
are beginning to grow beyond their initial boundaries.
From the economic point of view this development is related to
industrialisation, and from the technological point of view to the railroad
era, which first made commuting from distance points possible.

The settlements expands in all directions, instead of spreading only along

the railway lines creating new islands of dependent settlements around
railway stations, as during the phase of the early Dynapolis.
The city is breaking its walls and spreading into the countryside in a
disorgnised manner.

The next phase of dynamic settlement is of metropolis, which

incorporates several other urban and rural settlements of the surrounding
area
4.Dynamic urban
settlements
Metropolis I
Dynametropolis :

4.Dynamic urban
settlements
Metropolis I
Dynametropolis :

The few metropolises from the past became static following a period of
dynamic growth, then declined and died. This was to a certain extent, true
of ancient Rome in its last phases and Byzantine Constantinople - which
disintegrated to such a degree that the mobs in the streets became
uncontrollable and sometimes succeeded in imposing their will on the
government. From the economic, social, administrative or technological
point of view, the fate of the historical metropolises has been dynamic
growth, a static phase, and then death. To base our experience on the
history of cities, we must recognise the fact that a static phase for a
metropolis is the prelude of its decline and death. In such a case this
should be said as a dynamic metropolis, after losing its momentum for
growth, becomes negatively dynamic.

To calculate the number of metropolises attributed to the effect of the

railway and to the effect of the automobile, we will find the latter to be
much greater, out of all proportion to the number of the former.

Dynametropolis, continuing its course towards becoming a megalopolis.

4.Dynamic urban
settlements
Megalopolis I
Dynamegalopolis:

The area on a large scale including more than one metropolis and many
other urban settlements and it cannot be static.
A megalopolis has the same external characteristics as the metropolis,
the only difference being that every phenomenon appears on a much
larger scale. It is characteristic that all phenomenon of the development
of human settlements up to the metropolis shown on a 100 sq.km. Scale,
for megalopolis would be 1,000sq.km.

Regardless of whether dynamic settlements are simple (Dynapolis), or

composite (metropolises and megalopolises), they have been growing
continuously during the last centuries and this is apparent everywhere at
present
5.The Universal
human settlement:
Ecumenopolis

i.e. the whole Earth will be covered by one human settlement. The
population explosion, will be definitely be the most decisive factor in the
next phase of human settlements.

Settlement
Characteristics

Settlement
Characteristics

Area

How large the area of a settlement is.

Site:

describes the actual land upon which a settlement is built.

Population: The size and type of people that live in a settlement.

Function
social

The function of a settlement relates to its economic and

development and refers to its main activities.

Situation
:
describes where a settlement is located in relation to other
surrounding
features such as other settlements, rivers and
communications.
Shape :

describes how the settlement is laid out. Its pattern.

Site Factors: Some

sites have specific
advantages that
mean settlements
developed in that
place.

Function of a
Settlement:

The function of a Settlement relates to its economic and social

development and refers to its main activities.

Function of a
Settlement:

Function of a
Settlement:

Function of a
Settlement:

Function of a
Settlement:

Settlement
Hierarchy

This refers to the arrangement of settlements in an order of importance ,

usually from many isolated dwelling or hamlets at the base of the
Hierarchy to a Conurbation.
The order of importance is based on the following:

The area and population of the settlement (size)

The range and number of services/functions within each settlement
The relative sphere of influence of each settlement

Sphere of Influence is defined as the area served by a particular

settlement.
The size of this sphere of influence depends on the size and functions of
Sphere of Influence a town and its surrounding settlement ,the transport facilities available
and the level of competition from a rival settlement.
In general, the larger the settlement the larger the sphere of Influence.
Eg: London compared to Barnsley
Sphere of Influence is based upon two main principles:
1.Threshold Population: The minimum number of people needed to
support a settlement or service.
2.Range: The maximum distance that people are prepared to travel
to obtain a particular service

Sphere of Influence

Sphere of Influence

Sphere of Influence

Sphere of Influence

Sphere of Influence