CHAPTER 1

IMD 102
FOUNDATION OF
INFORMATION
MANAGEMENT

1.

The term information comes from the Latin

word informare which means to fashion, shape,
or create, to give form to.
2. The root of information science is found in
librarianship with the concern with the
identification of book preservation.
3. The earliest history can be traced back in time
of ancient Egypt under Ramses dynasty 1200 b.c.

The first public library existed in 330 b.c in Athens.

Information monks
Known as Golden Age of Pericles
Alexander the Great built at Nile (not in Athens).
Ptolemy II inquiry all manuscripts from merchants
for government possession.

2 tombs of librarians were found (father & sons) in

Kamak.
Historians have found coffers that contains
various subjects headings (12 coffers on various
subjects) and 22 coffers on magic, myth,
medicine and superstition.
Dr climate and religious belief were the main
factors behind the existence of information center.
One outstanding feature in information area was
code of ethic toward the scholars.

In the time of Abbasiyah (750-1100), information

fields flourished and reached at its peak era.
The emergence of information era was retarded
by the invasion of Crusader (in 13 th Century).
Most of the collection burnt by civilians midst of
civil war with Julius Caesar to deny the
possession.

In the early 700 a.d, information flourished in the

Middle east for reasons:
1. Standard Arabic language.
2. Introduction of paper.
In 19th Century the information Field underwent some
radical changes.
Various factors such as inexpensive papers, universal
education, increase of researchers has caused a
significant increase in the type and quantity of
information.

This in turn created the need

for bibliographic control and
collection of information.
Dewey
and
Library
of
Congress Classification were
introduced.
World War II 1876v also
produced a new level of
sophistication in military and
communication.
There was the task of storing,
classifying, reproducing and
distributing this material.
It was beyond the library
capacity, thus led to the birth
of Information Science.

 Leahy

(1965) reported that paper

product of American officers reached
over 1,500 trillion papers.
Factors
Led to the birth of
Information Science:
More intellectual people
Global education
Increasing production of research
Industrial revolution

Factors led to the birth of Information Science:

(cont)
Awareness sparks up from industry
Facilitation of modern technology

 Something that is told

Facts learned
News
Knowledge
Data in any format

(printed, electronic)

According to Fritz Machlup

(1983)
Something one did not know
before.
A clue.
Something that affect what one
already knows.
How data are interpreted.
Something use in decision making.
Something that reduces
uncertainty.

According to Fritz Machlup (1983)

The meaning of words in sentences.
Something that provides more than
what is stated.
Something that changes what a
person who receives it believes or
expects.

Then patterns of experienced reality.

Some define it as structure, as commodity, or
resources, as a process or state of knowing and even
as environment.
Information is the experimental process of interacting
with the environing world.
an intangible representation of knowledge, existing
in a persons mind and subject to interpretation
through that persons subjective experience.
Information also is taken to mean the results of data
processing, or can be defined as any data transformed
into a form, which id of value or use to individuals in
solving problems of making decisions.

 Collected
Acquired
Assembled
Analyzed
Validated

Stored
Preserved
Retrieved
Disseminated
Packaged
Organized

 Is

an interdisciplinary academic field

that deals with the generation,
collection,
organization,
storage,
retrieval
and
dissemination
of
recorded knowledge.
People sometimes mistakenly use
information science as a synonym
for library science, information
science is a separate discipline.

Our perception of the concept of

information science is based on the
assumption that all organisms are
information systems.

The
information
system
is
an
environment of person, machines, and
procedures
that
develop
human
biology potential to acquire, process
and act upon data, thus improves our
chances for survival.

Science
Any system of knowledge that is concerned
with the physical world and its phenomena
and that entails unbiased observations and
systematic experiment (research).

Information Science
A discipline that deals with the processes of
storing and transferring of information.
Fundamentally it covers all theories,
concepts and methods in the collection,
organization, storage, retrieval and use of
information.

The basic structure of information science

Technology and Systems
- the application of IT
Impact of IT on society
problems
of
information
society,
copyrights, personal privacy, plagiarism,
etc.
Resources
- the human resources needed to sustain
the activities of the science worldwide,
encouragement of R&D, training, etc.

Philosophy
Provides
information
science
with
the
understanding of inquiry
system (state of the
world) and the foundation
of the social
sciences
that are relevant to
information system.

Mathematics
(statistics).
The
foundation
of
statistics which is the
tools used by Information
Scientist.

Linguistics
Is
the
study
of
language, which is
important
to
Information Scientist
as tool to represent
events.

Behavioral science
It include psychology
and
sociology,
important part for
user study.

Informatics
Is the study of automation and
technologies in document retrieving.

automated

Information Engineering
It refers to various aspects of information System
design.

Knowledge Engineering
Artificial intelligence &
system.

expert

Cybernetics
the science of control, include
communications & system theory.

Bionics
The understanding of the functions
& characteristics of living systems
& biomechanical systems.

Is an interdisciplinary field
that applies the practices,
perspectives and tool of
management,
information
technology, education and
other areas to libraries; the
collection,
organization,
preservation
and
dissemination of information
resources and the political
economy of information.

Library Science

Information Science

More
accurately
labeled
as
librarianship, is a professional area of
study designed to prepare individuals
for careers as librarians.

Combines elements of librarianship

with ideas and technologies from
many other fields, including social
sciences,
computer
science,
mathematics, electrical engineering,
linguistics,
management
and
information systems theory.

Tasks:
1) evaluating, processing, storing and
retrieving info
- Within the field of Information
Science, information may be defined
2) help library patrons use collections, as the knowledge contained in the
software and Online Public Access human brain and in all electronic and
Catalogs (OPACs)
written records. Information Science is
the scientific study of that info how it
is created, transmitted, encoded,
transformed,
retrieved,
measured,
used and valued.

 Covers

the
creation,
storage,
distribution and end use of information.
It
has
a
formal
structure
and
relationship between writers or authors,
publishers and libraries.

Is a comprehensive approach to
managing the flow of an information
system's data from creation and initial
storage to the time when it becomes
obsolete and is deleted. ILM involves all
aspects of dealing with data, starting
with user practices. ILM enables more
complex
criteria
for
storage
management than data age and
frequency of access.

1. Quantitative
Included in the quantitative information like
individual administrative data. I. e such ad text
data and statistic and census.

2. Qualitative
Qualitative data are documents such as legal
information
(laws,
decrees,
other
texts)
audiovisual materials and reports (such as
government private bodies, research and
administrative department)

3. Graphics
They
are
pictures,
illustration,
graphs,
photographs etc. Any presentation of documents
will be of greater value if the above three types
of information are included, especially in term
papers, articles and reports.

1. Printed format
Any paper based material normally in the
form of books . Books are divided into
three types: (1) reference works,
(2) circulating book and (3) serial
publication.

2.

Non Printed format

2.1 Cartography

Atlas, globe,
photographs, charts, etc.

2.2 Audiovisual
Television, audio/video
cassettes, slides, etc.
2.3 Graphical materials
Technical drawings,
artworks, etc.

3. Electronic Form (Computer Processable Form)

Networking systems, online databases, CD ROM and magnetic tape
Internet
The Internet is a worldwide computer network containing information
from all information typesbooks, periodicals, databases, and media.
Databases
Databases are collections of computerized information and can locate and
provide information from periodicals, books, reports, etc

Method used in distributing the information to

the public
Media for knowledge transfer such as below:
Books, Magazine, journal, newspaper, radio,
TV,
microfilm,
microform,
audiotape,
videotape, laser disc, compact disc, computer
software, computer networks, satellite system

People
1.

An important source of information. You may

access
people through personal contact, through
the
organization where they work or by access their
writings.
2.

Normally you will contact people as an information

source when the information is not available in
written
form, when information is needed urgently
or when
we need detail information.

abs.UiTM Johor

Organization
1.
There are numerous type of organization based
on
functions, subjects as well as
profession
that we should
know. Its can be divided into various
categories, such as:
1.1 Commercial organization;
1.2 Educational
1.3 Governmental
1.4 Society and Professional Organization.

Information Systems
1.
A
computer-based
services
that
provides
information in response
to
specific request from
users.
2.
It may be operated by an organization
for their
own benefit or offered to the
public on a
subscription basis.

Literature
1. Divided into

three main categories:

primary,
secondary and tertiary. Examples:
1.1 Creative writings
1.2 Writings of a particular country, period, etc.
1.3 All the books, articles on a particular subject
1.4 Pamphlets, leaflets, brochures etc.

Primary
Original

information, which has not been filtered through

interpretation, condensation or evaluation. Also refer to a person
who provides information or an object. Example of primary sources
are conference paper and proceedings, interviews, journal articles,
maps, newsletters, patents, standards, code of practice statistical
reports, thesis or dissertation, trade catalog, videotapes of
experiments etc.

Secondary

Information about primary or original information, which usually

has been modified, selected or rearranged for a specific purpose or

an audience. Example of this category are abstracts, almanacs,
current
awareness
information,
dictionaries,
directories,
encyclopedia,
handbooks,
bibliographies, indexes,
list
of
monographs, thesaurus, yearbooks etc.

Tertiary

Provides information that we receive at third hand. The sources are

bibliography of bibliographies, directory of directories and guide to

the literature.

abs.UiTM Johor

 Information
Information
Information
Information
Information
Information

as
as
as
as
as
as

a commodity
an energy
communication
facts
data
knowledge

Information is widely used in

many sectors all sectors,
mostly in the economic
sense
treated
the
information.
As a valuable entity which it
can be used as a product
and services in gaining the
profits
Information has a value to
control over objects or
person

Information as energy
regards it as quantifiable
physical entity whose
presence or absence can
be
verified
experimentally.

The information provided

by
sound
waves
produced by a train
whistle is one example of
how it can be described
in terms of energy

 When

a person communicate, he is
transferring his understanding to
other person. Upon receiving the
receiver become informed

 Information is often thought as

Facts
become information

facts
when
people receive and understand it

 Actually

information is the result of

data processing

Often used interchangeably with knowledge

Knowledge implies a state of understanding
beyond awareness
It represents on intellectual capability to
extrapolate beyond facts and draw original
conclusions

Expandable
Diffusive
It tends to leak and in that regard cannot be
possessed
Shareable
Information by its mature cannot give rise to
direct exchange transactions only sharing
transaction. Things are exchange, if I sell you an
automobile, you may have it and I dont. But if I
sell you an idea both of us get it
Transportable
At the speed of light and as pushing a button

The role of information refers to the influence or

impact that information had on individuals, a society
or an organization in the context of socio-economic,
political and technological developments

1.
Informational Roles
2.
Educational Roles
3.
Cultural Roles
4.
Recreational Roles
5.
Contributes towards to the growth of
knowledge
6.
Support research and development

Students are required to write an essay

on topic below:
1.
How information can become something
that has economic values (commodity)?
2.
Discuss the four (4) main sources of
information which students used to complete
their assignment given by the lecturer
3.
Explain the four (4) differences between
library
and information science