P.

MAHENDRA KUMAR
ASSISTANT EXECUTIVE ENGINEER
THERMAL POWER STATION II

RAPID CHEMICAL COMBINATION OF OXYGEN

WITH THE COMBUSTIBLE ELEMENTS OF THE
FUEL IN THE PROCESS OF WHICH HEAT IS
EVOLVED WITH LIGHT COMBUSTION.
WITH REFERENCE TO THE FURNACE IT IS
ALSO DEFINED AS A SERIES OF
CONTINUOUS, CONTROLLED EXPLOSION OF
FUEL PARTICLES WITH OXYGEN IN THE AIR
CAUSING EVOLUTION OF HEAT WITH LIGHT
AND FORMATION OF PRODUCT GASES.

RAPID CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL

ENERGY TO SENSIBLE ENERGY
OCCURS AS A FLAME WITH A THIN
REACTION ZONE, AS AN EXTENDED
EXOTHERMIC REACTION, OR AS A
DETONATION.
PREMIXED FLAME (OR) DIFFUSION
FLAME

SURFACE CONTACT AREA OF FUEL

WITH AIR
AIR FUEL RATIO
RETENTION TIME
COMBUSTION CHAMBER TEMPERATURE
TURBULENCE
REMOVAL OF PRODUCTS

TEMPERATURE
TURBULENCE
TIME

COMBUSTION REACTION NEEDS SUFFICIENT

TIME TO COMPLETE, DURING WHICH IGNITION
ENERGY MUST BE AVAILABLE TO THE FUELAIR MIXTURE. AS THE IGNITION ENERGY
GENERALLY WILL BE AVAILABLE ONLY IN THE
FURNACE, SUFFICIENT RETENTION TIME
MUST BE PROVIDED TO THE FUEL-AIR
MIXTURE IN THE FURNACE TO COMPLETE THE
COMBUSTION REACTION

EFFECTS THERMAL DIFFUSION

INFLUENCE OF REACTION
HEAT ABSORBED BY FURNACE
HEAT ABSORBED BY REACTANTS
HEAT ABSORBED BY NITROGEN

CARBON
HYDROGEN
SULPHUR

C + O2
CARBON

CO2 + 8084 kcal/kg of

2C + O2
CARBON

2CO + 2430 kcal/kg of

2H2 + O2
HYDROGEN

2H2 O + 28922 kcal/kg of

S + O2

SO2 + 2224 kcal/kg of SULPHUR

ATMOSPHERIC AIR

20.9 % OXYGEN
70.1% NITROGEN
TRACES OF OTHER ELEMENTS

SPECIFIC AMOUNT FOR PERFECT

COMBUSTION
EXCESS AMOUNT OF OXYGEN FOR
GOOD COMBUSTION

REDUCES COMBUSTION TEMPERATURE

ADIABATIC FLAME TEMPERATURE
REDUCES COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY
PRODUCES OXIDES OF NITROGEN

FOSSIL FUELS PRODUCES GREEN

HOUSE GASES
EVEN PERFECT COMBUSTION CANNOT
AVOID EMISSIONS

AIR FUEL MIXTURE FOR COMPLETE

COMBUSTION
WEAK MIXTURE EXCESS AIR
RICH MIXTURE DEFICIENCY OF AIR
FOR BOILER MIXTURE IS GREATER
THAN 20% WEAK

MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

ALKANES (CN H2N+2 )

CYCLO ALKANES (CN H2N )
AROMATICS (CN HN )
ALKENES (CN H2N )

HEATING VALUE
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
VISCOSITY
FLASH POINT
AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE
DISTILLATION CURVE
SULPHUR, VANADIUM AND LEAD
CONTENT

PRE MIXED CHARGE

SPRAY COMBUSTION

WHY?
BREAKING UP A 3 MM SPHERE OF
LIQUID INTO 30 MICRON METER DROPS
RESULT IN 1 MILLION DROP
DROPLET MASS BURNING RATE IS
APPROXIMATELY PROPORTIONAL TO
DIAMETER SQUARED AND THE
INCREASE IN BURNING RATE IS 10,000
TIMES

SURFACE AREA OF CONTACT

LARGER PARTICLE SIZE

INNER CORE
BLANKETED
SMALLER SIZE
REQUIRED
SOLID FUEL

PULVERIZE

LIQUID FUEL

ATOMISATION

INJECTION OF LIQUID FUEL INTO A

COMBUSTION CHAMBER
LIQUID UNDERGOES ATOMIZATION
BASED ON DENSITY SOME DROPLETS
SHATTER AND OTHERS RECOMBINE
VAPOURIZATION OF DROPLETS
MIXES WITH SURROUNDING GAS(HIGH
TEMPERATURE SURRONDING GAS OR
EXISTING FLAME)

HOT PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION MIX

WITH THE VAPOUR DROPLETS
WITH REQUIRED TIME ENTIRE AMOUNT
OF FUEL CONVERTED TO PRODUCTS OF
COMBUSTION

STEADY STATE COMBUSTION

BOILER FURNACE

UNSTEADY STATE COMBUSTION

DIESEL ENGINE

REGIONS OF COMBUSTION

THE SPRAY FORMATION REGION

DROPLET SIZE
VELOCITY
NUMBER DISTRIBUTIONS
AIR VELOCITY AND TEMPERATURE
DROPLET TEMPERATURE

THE VAPORIZATION REGION

THE COMBUSTION REGION

DEPENDS ON

NUMBER DENSITY OF SPRAY

DEGREE OF TURBULENT MIXING
FUEL VOLATILITY

EXTERNAL COMBUSTION

BLUE FLAME

GROUP COMBUSTION

YELLOW FLAME
RICH COMBUSTION WITH PRODUCTION OF
SOOT

HEATING OF THE DROPLET AND VAPORIZATION OF

LOW-BOILING POINT COMPONENTS
IGNITION OF VOLATILES SURRONDING THE DROPLET
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION, DISTRUPTIVE BOILING,
AND SWELLING OF THE DROPLET
CONTINUED THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF THE
DROPLET AS THE VOLATILE FLAME CONTINUES
CARBONACEOUS RESIDUE BURNING ON THE
SURFACE AT ABOUT ONE-TENTH THE INITIAL
DROPLET BURNING RATE

PARTICULATE
NITROGEN OXIDE
SULPHUR OXIDE
ASH
VANADIUM PENTOXIDE
SODIUM AND VANADIUM

HIGH HEATING VALUE

CONSTANT HEATING VALUE
RELATIVE EASE IN BURNING
EASY HANDLING AND STORAGE

PETROL
SOLVENT SPIRITS
PARAFFINS
GAS OILS
LUBRICATION OILS
SOLID PARAFFIN WAXES
DISTILLATES AND RESIDUAL OILS.

ASH
VANADIUM
NICKEL
IRON
CALCIUM
ALUMINIUM
SODIUM

CARBON 86%
HYDROGEN 11 12%
SULPHUR 4.5%
NITROGEN & OXYGEN 1%
ASH 0.1%
MOISTURE TRACES
GROSS CALORIFIC VALUE 10200
KCAL/KG

SODIUM FOULING (NOT > 100 PPM)

VANADIUM CORROSIVE ( 40 250
PPM)
WATER
SEDIMENTS
SLUDGE ORGANIC COMPOUNTS (WAX,
ASPHALTENE)

LIGHTING UP
SUPPORT DURING POOR QUALITY OF
FUEL
INTERMITTENT USAGE DURING
DISTURBANCES

RATE OF CONSUMPTION
LOCATION OF TANK
METHOD OF DELIVERY

DECANTING PUMP
STORAGE TANK WITH FLOOR COIL
HEATERS
PRESSURIZING PUMP
SECONDARY HEATERS
OIL METERING STATION
FLOW CONTROL STATION
FLOW RECIRCULATION STATION

FOUR OIL BURNERS MAX CAPACITY 16 T/HR.

BURNER CAN BE TAKEN INTO SERVICE
WHEN OIL RELEASE PERSISTING
OIL RELESE EXISTING
BOILER PURGING COMPLETED
ONE OR MORE OIL BURNER IS IN SERVICE
IGNITION RELEASE FOR COAL FIRING
EXISTS

OIL BURNER COMES INTO SERVICE IN 8

STEPS ON PROGRAM
STEP 1: OIL GUN INSERTS, UV FLAME
SCANNER ON, OIL AIR DAMPER TO AUTO
STEP 2: FEED BACK OF ABOVE STEPS
RECEIVED, CLEANING VALVE AND ATOMISING
STEAM VALVE OPEN FOR 90 SECONDS
STEP 3: CLEANING VALVE CLOSED, IGNITION
GUN INSERTED
STEP 4: IGNITION TRANSFER ON

STEP 5: OIL VALVE OPENS(6 SEC IF OIL IN

GUN EXISTS, 11 SEC IF OIL IN GUN NOT
EXISTING), UV FLAME SCANNER SHOULD
SEE FLAME OR OIL VALVE CLOSES
STEP 6: IGNITION TRANSFORMER OFF
STEP 7: IGNITION TRANSFORMER
RETRACTED
STEP 8: BURNER ON PROGRAM FINISHED

BURNER OFF PROGRAM

STEP 51: OIL VALVE CLOSES, OIL AIR
CONTROLLER TO AUTO
STEP 52: IGNITION GUN INSERTED,
IGNITION TRANSFORMER IGNITED
STEP 53: ATOMISING STEAM VALVE OPENS
STEP 54: IGNITION TRANSFORMER OFF,
IGNITION GUN RETRACTED, OIL AIR
DAMPER CLOSES, CLEANING PROCESS
CONTINUES FOR 300 SECONDS

STEP 55: STEAM CLEANING VALVE GETS

CLOSED
STEP 56: OIL GUN RETRACTED
STEP 57: BURNER OFF PROGRAM FINISHED

UV SCANNER SIGNAL
FLAME QUALITY
AIR REQUIREMENTS
GUN CHOKING
OIL LEAK
MECHANICAL DISTURBANCES