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INTRODUCTION TO POLYMER

SCIENCE

PRESENTED BY
RANGA RAO . B

A polymer

(from Greek) is a large molecule


(macromolecule) composed of repeating
structural units typically connected by
covalent chemical bonds.
While polymer in popular usage suggests
plastic, the term actually refers to a large
class of natural and synthetic materials with
a variety of properties.

Due to the extraordinary range of properties

accessible in polymeric materials, they have


come to play an essential role in everyday life from plastics on the one hand to natural
biopolymers such as DNA and proteins that are
essential for life on the other.
A simple example is polyethylene, whose
repeating unit is based on ethylene (IUPAC
name ethene) monomer.

1.
2.

3.

Most commonly the continuously linked backbone of a


polymer consists mainly of carbon atoms.
However, other structures do exist; for example, elements
such as silicon form familiar materials such as silicones,
example waterproof plumbing sealant.
The backbone of DNA is in fact based on a
phosphodiester bond, and repeating units of
polysaccharides (e.g. cellulose) are joined together by
glycosidic bonds via oxygen atoms.

Natural

polymeric materials such as shellac,


amber, and natural rubber have been in use for
centuries.
Biopolymers such as proteins and nucleic acids
play crucial roles in biological processes.
A variety of other natural polymers exist, such
as cellulose, which is the main constituent of
wood and paper.

The

list of synthetic polymers includes


synthetic rubber, Bakelite, neoprene, nylon,
PVC, polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile, PVB,
silicone, and many more.

Polymers

are studied in the fields of


polymer chemistry, polymer physics, and
polymer science

Polymer science or
macromolecular science
Is

the subfield of materials science concerned


with polymers, primarily synthetic polymers
such as plastics. The field of polymer science
includes researchers in multiple disciplines
including chemistry, physics, and engineering.
This science comprises three main subdisciplines:
Polymer chemistry or macromolecular chemistry
, concerned with the chemical synthesis and
chemical properties of polymers.

Polymer

physics, concerned with the bulk


properties of polymer materials and
engineering applications.
Polymer characterization is concerned with
the analysis of chemical structure and
morphology and the determination of
physical properties in relation to
compositional and structural parameters

HISTORY
The

term "polymer" was coined in 1833 by


Jns Jakob Berzelius

In

1844 Charles Goodyear received a U.S. patent


for vulcanizing rubber with sulfur and heat.

Vulcanized

rubber represents the first


commercially successful product of polymer
research.

Hermann

Staudinger was the first to propose


that polymers consisted of long chains of
atoms held together by covalent bonds
It took over a decade for Staudinger's work
to gain wide acceptance in the scientific
community, work for which he was awarded
the Nobel Prize in 1953.

In

1946, Herman Mark established the


Polymer Research Institute at
Brooklyn Polytechnic, the first research
facility in the United States dedicated to
polymer research.

Nobel prizes related to


polymer science
2005

(Chemistry) Robert Grubbs, Richard Schrock,


Yves Chauvin for olefin metathesis
2000 (Chemistry) Alan G. MacDiarmid, Alan J.
Heeger, and Hideki Shirakawa for work on
electroactive polymers contributing to the advent of
molecular electronics
1991 (Physics) Pierre-Gilles de Gennes for
developing a generalized theory of phase transitions
with particular applications to describing ordering
and phase transitions in polymers.

1974

(Chemistry) Paul J. Flory for contributions


to theoretical polymer chemistry.
1963 (Chemistry) Giulio Natta and Karl Ziegler
for contributions in polymer synthesis.
1953 (Chemistry) Hermann Staudinger for
contributions to the understanding of
macromolecular chemistry.

Although

the scarcity of education in


polymer science is slowly diminishing but it
is still evident in many areas. What is most
unfortunate is that it appears to exist, not
because of a lack of awareness but, rather, a
lack of interest."

REFERENCE
1.Hand book of pharmaceutical excipients
by Rowe, Shesky and Owen
2.Polymers in CDDS Illum and Davis
3.Pharmaceutical product development N.K.Jain
4. Wikipedia

THANK

YOU

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