Reservoir and Injection Fluid Models

Types and properties of reservoir and

injection fluids
Importance of oil composition and water
salinity
Representing oil with pseudo-components
Phase behavior calculations for mixtures of
hydrocarbons
Thermodynamic properties of steam

Distribution of Original Fluids

Distribution of original reservoir fluids should be
assigned to the model
Initial distribution should be consistent with equilibrium
conditions, capillary pressure and fluid density
Possible combinations:
1. Oil rim only
2. Oil rim with aquifer or bottom water
3. Gas cap and oil rim
4. Gas cap, oil rim and aquifer or bottom water

Properties of Reservoir Fluids

Formation water
Total salinity
Viscosity

Hardness (Ca++ and Mg++)

Compressibility

Gas

Composition
Molecular weight
Equilibrium constants

Deviation factor Z
Viscosity

Oil

Composition
Molecular weight
Pseudo components
Solution gas oil ratio
Formation volume factor

Density
Viscosity
Equilibrium constants
Bubble point pressure

Representing Reservoir Oil

by Pseudo-Components
True boiling point curve is divided into a number of segments
Determine average boiling point for each segment
1
Volume
Distilled
%

0
Average boiling points

Tb1

Tb2
Tb3
Temperature

Tb4

Representing Reservoir Oil

by Pseudo-Components
Estimate Watson characterization factor for the given oil

Example:
Oil gravity = 25API
Mean boiling point = 530F
hence; K = 11
Component boiling point = 340F
hence; Mol. Wt. = 133
Sp. Gravity = 0.844

Representing Reservoir Oil

by Pseudo-Components
Calculate component mole fractions
1. From boiling point curve, determine volume fractions
of various components V1----Vn
2. From Watsons correlation, estimate molecular weights
Mw1----Mwn and specific gravities 1---- n for various
components
3. Mole fractions are:
zi = (Vi i / Mwi) / (Vi i / Mwi)

Representing Reservoir Oil

by Pseudo-Components
Component pseudo-critical temperatures and pressures

Example: Specific gravity = 0.844

Boiling point = 340F
Pseudo-critical temp. = 695F

Specific gravity = 0.844

Boiling point = 340F
Pseudo-critical pressure = 430 psia

Phase behavior Calculations

Required for processes where compositional
changes occur such as miscible floods
Provide basis for oil and gas phase separation in
surface facilities
Utilize data from laboratory tests and equation of
state methods
Consist of two steps:
Vapor-liquid equilibrium (Flash)
Determining phase properties

Flash Calculations
Gas phase ng moles
Component Mole fraction
1

y1

y2

yN

Mixture nt moles
Component Mole fraction
1
2

z1
z2

zN

Liquid phase nl moles

Component Mole fraction
1

x1

x2

xN

Flash Calculations
At equilibrium, the mixture flashes into:
Gas phase
Mole fraction G = ng / nt composition yi
Liquid phase Mole fraction L = nl / nt
Equilibrium constants:

composition xi

K i = yi / x i

Material balance on component i:

zi = Gyi + Lxi = (1 - L)yi + Lxi
hence; xi = zi / [L + (1 L)Ki]

and yi = zi Ki / [L + (1 L)Ki]

(xi - yi ) = zi(1 - Ki) / [L + (1 L)Ki] = 0

The above equation is solved for L and consequently, xis and yis
Values of zi Ki and zi / Ki determine the flash results

Flash Calculations
Bubble point line

Single-phase
Liquid

Two-phase
Gas and Liquid

zi / Ki
Critical point

Dew point line

Single-phase
Gas

Not possible

zi Ki

Equation of State
Mathematical relationships relating thermodynamic properties of
phases at equilibrium
Used to predict phase behavior and calculate compositions and
properties as functions of pressure and temperature
At equilibrium:
Fugacity in vapor-phase fiV = Fugacity in liquid-phase fiL
hence; iV yi P = iL xi P and Ki = iL / iV
Fugacity coefficients iL and iV are evaluated from equations of
state that relate pressure, temperature and volume
Common EOS are based on Van der Waals equation:
Soaves modification of Redlich-Kwong method
Peng-Robinson method

Equation of State
EOS yield a cubic equation in deviation factor Z:

Z3 + c1 Z2 + c2 Z +c3 = 0
Coefficients c1 , c2 and c3 are functions of P, T, R and
empirical parameters that can be used for calibration
with laboratory tests
EOS solution yields:
1 root indicating single-phase
3 roots indicating two-phase
EOS requires an iterative technique where Kis are
assumed and calculated vapor and liquid fuagacities are
compared till they become equal

Thermodynamics of Steam
Saturation conditions

Pressure

Temperature

Thermodynamics of Steam
Steam properties

Steam quality:

x = mv / (mv + mw)

Specific volume:

vw = 1 / w

Enthalpy:

Hw = Uw + P vw and Hv = Uv + P vv

Latent heat:

L v = Hv - Hw

and

vv = 1 / v

Steam Table
T
C

P
kPa

Vw

Vv

Uw

Uv

Hw

Hv

10-3 m3/kg

10-3m3/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg

kJ/kg

20

2.34

1.002

57840

84

2402

84

2538

30

4.23

1.004

32900

126

2417

126

2556

100

101.3

1.044

1673

419

2507

419

2676

150

476.0

1.091

393

632

2561

632

2745

200

1555

1.157

127

850

2795

852

2791

250

3978

1.251

50

1081

2602

1086

2800

300

8593

1.404

21.7

1333

2563

1345

2751

350

16540

1.741

8.8

1643

2418

1672

2568

374.2

22120

3.17

3.17

2014

2014

2099

2099

Thermodynamics of Steam
Wet steam mixture properties