Local Area Network

Basics
Chapter 4

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Chapter Objectives

Describe Ethernet standard

Explain Ethernet
Understand the concept of CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA
protocols
Explain different types of Ethernet
Understand about repeaters, bridges and hubs used to
extend computer networks

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Recall

Types of copper wire cables are:

Coaxial cables (Also known as Coax)

Twisted pair Cables (TP)

Shielded Twisted pair (STP)

Unshielded Twisted pair (UTP)

Wireless transmission media are:

Radio Waves
Microwave
Infrared

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

IEEE Standards

An association that promotes engineering

and electronic improvement
IEEE 802 was started in February 1980
IEEE 802 committee defines frames, speed,
distances and types of cabling to use for
networking

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Protocols and Procedures

Protocols are set of rules which are used by the nodes on a

network to communicate with each other
Protocols are developed by committees, different companies
developed products confirming to those protocols
Standard
Protocols

Ethernet

Release 16/7/2009

Token Ring

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

ARCnet

LAN Architecture - I

802.3
Defines a standard for physical layer and data link
layer of the Ethernet architecture that uses wired
connection
Ethernet is an architecture that mainly uses bus
topology
Defines various cabling used for different types of
topologies

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

LAN Architecture - II

802.4

Defines a standard for Token Bus architecture

Token bus is similar to token ring, but it uses
coaxial cables

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

LAN Architecture - III

802.5

Defines a standard for Token ring architecture

Uses the 10 Base T cabling standard
Uses twisted pair cabling to connect devices
instead of coaxial cable
Passes data from one computer to another like in
a token bus network

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

IEEE 802.3 Logical relationship with

OSI Reference Model

IEEE 802.3 physical layer

corresponds to the OSI
physical layer
OSI data link layer is
divided into two IEEE 802
sublayers
The Media Access
Control (MAC)
sublayer
The Logical Link
Control (LLC)
sublayer

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Ethernet

Defined by IEEE as the 802.3 standard

Most widely adapted LAN technology
Supports data transfer rates of 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps and
1 Gbps

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Introduction to Ethernet

Nodes on an Ethernet network are either DTE

(computer, printer) or DCE (switch, router)
Three data rates currently defined for the operation over
optical fiber and twisted-pair cables

10 Mbps 10Base-T Ethernet

100 Mbps - Fast Ethernet
1000 Mbps - Gigabit Ethernet

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Working of Ethernet

Ethernet frame is used to transfer data over a

network
Each device in an Ethernet network is
uniquely identified by a 48 bit (6 bytes)
address called Ethernet address
Ethernet addresses are represented as six
pairs of hexadecimal digits separated by a
colon.

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Elements of Ethernet System

Elements of Ethernet
System

Medium

Release 16/7/2009

Set of Medium Access

Control Rules

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Ethernet frame

Ethernet Medium

Transmits information over

the network
Computer D transmits
information for Printer C
Computer B and A also
receives the information
All devices inspect the
destination address
If the received frame is not
meant for them, they will
reject the frame

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Next Data Transmission continue through

CBT up to types of Ethernet

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Types of Ethernet

Cabling Standards

10Base5

Release 16/7/2009

10Base2

10Base-T

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

10Base-F

10Base-5

Thick coaxial cable is also referred to as thicknet

10Base5 refers to specifications of thick coaxial cable
carrying Ethernet signals
The 5 refers to the maximum segment length i.e. 500
meters
RG-8 coaxial cable is used
A 15-pin female DB connector called AUI connector is
used to connect the device

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

10Base-2

10Base-2 (thin coaxial cable) is also referred to as thinnet

In 10Base-2, 2 refers to approximate maximum
segment length of the cable which is 185 meters
10Base2 uses RG-58 coaxial cable with BNC connectors
Cheaper and easier to install as compared to 10 Base 5
and 10 Base F

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

10Base-T

Allows stations to be attached via twisted pair cable

10 refers to the transmission speed of 10 Mbps
T refers to twisted pair cable
In a 10BaseT network, each computer (node) is
connected to a hub

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

10 Base-F

Uses fiber optic cable

Possesses excellent noise immunity and is the
method of choice when running between buildings
or widely separated hubs
10 Base-F is expensive as the connectors and
terminators used in 10 Base-F are costly

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Comparing Ethernet Types

Ethernet types

10Base5

Media Type

Thick coaxial Thin coaxial UTP

(RG8)
(RG58)

Fiber-optic

Max.segment length
(meters)

500

185

100

1000

Frequency(MHZ)

10

10

10

10

Max
Nodes/Segment

100

30

1024

1024k

Release 16/7/2009

10Base2

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

10BaseT

10BaseF

Extending the network

A computer network can be extended using

repeaters, hubs and bridges
In computer networks, a bridge is an Internetworking
device
Repeater regenerates signal
Repeaters remove the unwanted noise in an
incoming signal
A hub is a multi port repeater which provides a
common point for the connection of network devices

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Summary - I

Ethernet is a local-area network (LAN) structural

design developed by DEC, Intel and Xerox
Corporation.
Ethernet is a very common and widely used method
of networking computers in a LAN environment.
All nodes on an Ethernet network are either Data
Terminal Equipment (DTE) or Data Communications
Equipment (DCE).

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Summary - II

Protocols are set of rules that the nodes on a

network use to communicate with each other
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection
(CSMA/CD) is a network control protocol which uses
a carrier sensing system
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance
(CSMA/CA) is a set of rules used to avoid collisions.
10 Base-2, 10 Base-5, 10 Base-T, and 10 Base-F
are different types of cabling for Ethernet

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.

Summary - III

A repeater is a device that is used on a link to

regenerate the signal to extend the physical
length of a network.
Bridges are usually used to divide a busy
network into separate segments and to connect
multiple LANs.
Hub is a Repeater with multiple ports and
operates at the physical layer.

Release 16/7/2009

Jetking Infotrain Ltd.