OTC000003 WDM Principle ISSUE1.21

Internal
OTC000003
WDM Principle
ISSUE 1.21
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
www.huawei.com
All rights reserved
With the development of telecommunication,

the requirements of the transmission
capacity and service categories are
becoming bigger and bigger, under this
background, WDM technology emerged.
What is WDM?
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Page 2
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Understand and master the basic concepts and
transmission modes, structure of WDM;
Understand WDM transmission media;
Understand technical principle and key technologies
of WDM;
Understand technology specification for WDM
system.
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Page 3
Chapter 1 WDM Overview

Chapter 2 WDM Transmission Media
Chapter 3 WDM Key Technologies
Chapter 4 Technology Specifications for
WDM System
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Page 4
Development of DWDM
1. Growth of voice, data, new services
2. Desire for information, communication
1. Developed rapidly :
42.5Gb/s3210Gb/s1.6Tb/s
2. Developing trend: OADM, OXC
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How to increase network capacity

WDM is a quick, economical and mature method
High rate TDM signal STM-1STM-16 STM-64
SDM add fiber, equipment time
&cost
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What's WDM
Gas Station
Free Way
Patrol Car
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Page 7
WDM Concept
Different signals with specific wavelength are multiplexed into a fiber
for transmission.
SDH signal
IP package
ATM cells
1 2
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Page 8
WDM System Compositions

The overall structure of the WDM system of N-path wavelength:
Optical wavelength transponder unit (OTU)
Optical Multiplexer Unit / optical De-multiplexer Unit (OMU/ODU)
Optical Amplifier (OA)
Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC/ESC)

OTU
OTU
OTU
O
M
/
O
A
O
A
/
O
D
OLA
OSC
OSC
OSC
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OTU
OTU
OTU
Transmission modes Unidirectional transmission

Single fiber unidirectional transmission
MUX
DMUX
O
T
U
O
T
U
STATION A
STATION B
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Transmission modes - Bi-directional transmission

Single fiber bi-directional transmission
DMUX/MUX
MUX/DMUX
O
T
U
O
T
U
STATION B
STATION A
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DMUX
MUX
Optical amplifier
O
T
U
O
T
U
Open WDM system has no special requirements for multiplex
terminal optical interfaces, the only requirement is that these

interfaces meet the optical interface standards defined in ITU-T.
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Page 12
Access channels
Application modes - Open system
Application modes - Integrated system

MUX
Access channels
DMUX
Optical amplifier
Integrated WDM system does not adopt the wavelength conversion
technology, instead, it requires that the wavelength of the optical

signals at the multiplex terminal conforms to the specifications for the
WDM system.
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Page 13
Advantages of DWDM
Transparent media
Long haul transmission
High capacity
Use existing optical fibers
High performance-to-cost ratio
Reliability
Easy upgrading
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Page 14
Brief Introduction to CWDM

CWDM (Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplex)
The CWDM greatly reduces the system cost while providing certain
amount of wavelengths and transmission distance within 100 km.
Difference between CWDM and DWDM:
Types
CWDM
DWDM
Channel Spacing
20nm
0.4nm or 0.8nm
Wavelength Range
1311~1611nm
C-band: 1529nm~1561nm
L-band: 1570nm~1603nm
Transmission Capacity
16 * 2.5Gb/s = 40G
160 * 10Gb/s = 1600G
Laser
Uncooled Laser
Cooled Laser
Cost
30%
expensive
Application
100km
4000km
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Page 15
Questions
What are WDM, DWDM and CWDM?
Briefly introduce two transmission modes of WDM equipment.
What is the open and integrated system?
Briefly introduce the composition of the WDM system.
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Page 16
Summary
In this chapter, we have learned :

The basic concepts and principle of WDM
technologies;
The development of WDM technologies;
The working modes, structures and
characteristics of WDM system.
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Page 17

WDM System
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Structure of Optical Fiber

Coating
Cladding
n2
Core
n1
Optical fiber consists of a cylindrical glass core, a glass cladding and a
plastic wear-resisting coating.
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Page 19
Attenuation of Optical Fiber
Attenuation (dB/km)
5dB/km
4dB/km
3dB/km
2dB/km
1dB/km
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Page 20
Dispersion
DATA IN
DATA OUT
Input
laser
Optical
receiver
Input laser is not

monochromatic, it is
composed of many
wavelengths or colour.
The chromatic dispersion

in the fiber causes
different wavelengths to
travel at different speeds,
and propagation delay.
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The different wavelengths

arrive at different times to
BROAD, smeared, or
DISPERSED output pulse.
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Dispersion
G.652:widely used, need
dispersion compensation
for high rate transmission
G.655 fiber with positive

dispersion coefficient
Dispersion coefficient
(ps/nm
km)
17
G.653: Zero dispersion

at 1550nm windows.
G.653 fiber
G.652 fiber
G.655 fiber with negative
dispersion coefficient
1310
1550
Wavelength
(nm)
1.Least attenuation & dispersion at

1550nm windows, suitable for DWDM,
avoid FWM effectively;
2.TrueWave fiber, LEAF, etc.
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Page 22
Dispersion Compensation
The pulse will be broadened because of
positive dispersion coefficient

positive dispersion slope at 1550nm
DCF has negative dispersion coefficient, it can counteract positive
dispersion in transmission.
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Page 23
Summary
In this chapter, we have learned :

The basic structures and types of
optical fibers;
The characteristics of optical fibers.
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Page 24

WDM System
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Page 25
WDM System Key Technologies
Optical Supervisory
Technologies
Optical Source
Multiplexer and
Demultiplexer
Optical Amplifiers
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Page 26
Requirements of Optical Source
1) Larger dispersion tolerance value;
2 Standard and stable wavelength.
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Laser
Direct modulation
Electro-absorption (EA) external modulator
Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) external modulator
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Direct modulation
LD
modulation
current
Output laser is controlled by input current

Transmission rate2.5Gb/s
Transmission distance100km
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Electro-absorption (EA) external modulator

LD
EA
modulation
current
Support long haul transmission (2.5Gb/s > 600km)
Less chirp
High Dispersion tolerance(2.5Gb/s: 7200~12800ps/nm)
High reliability
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Page 30
Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) external modulator

modulation
current
LD
Long dispersion limited distance

High cost
Negligible chirp
High dispersion tolerance
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Page 31
Comparision of Modulation
Types
Max. dispersion
toleration (ps/nm)
Cost
Wavelength
Stability
Direct Modulator
EA Modulator
M-Z Modulator
1200~4000
7200~12800
>12800
moderate
expensive
very expensive
good
better
best
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Page 32
Optical Amplifiers
Semiconductor Optical
Amplifier (SOA)
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)
Raman Fiber Amplifier (RFA)
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Page 33
Erbium-doped Optical Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)

E3 excited state
Decay
E2 meta-stable state
1550nm
signal light
Stimulated radiation
1550nm
signal light
980nm
pump light
E1 ground state
Er3+ energy level diagram
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Page 34
Typical internal structure of EDFA
Signal input
Optical splitter ISO
WDM
WDM Optical coupler
TAP
Optical isolator
PD
EDF
Pumping laser
Pumping laser
EDF
ISO
Signal output
TAP
PD Optical detector
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Page 35
Advantages and Disadvantages of EDFA

Major advantages of EDFA:
Its working wavelength is consistent with the minimum

attenuation window of the mono-mode optical fiber .
High coupling efficiency.
High energy conversion efficiency.
High gain, large output power and minimum cross-talk.
Stable gain characteristics.
Major disadvantages of EDFA:
The gain wavelength range is fixed.

Gain bandwidth unflatness.
Optical surge problem.
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Page 36
Impact of Gain Flatness in Long Haul Transmission
Cascading amplification of amplifier gain unflatness
Cascading amplification of amplifier gain flatness
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Gain Locking
Drop
>1dB
<0.5dB
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Gain Locking
Add
>1dB
<0.5dB
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Page 39
The Operating Theory of Raman Fiber Amplifier
Gain
Pump
Stimulated Raman Scattering
30nm
(SRS)
13THz (~100nm)
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Page 40
Characteristics of Raman Fiber Amplifier

Its gain wavelength is determined by the pumping light wavelength.
The gain medium is the transmission fiber itself.
Low noise .
GAIN
PUMP1
PUMP2 PUMP3
30nm
70~100nm
Span 1
Span k
EDFA
EDFA
Receiving
transmitting
Raman Pump
Raman Pump
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Page 41
Advantages and Disadvantages of RFA

Major advantages of RFA:
Gain wavelength is determined by the pumping light wavelength;

Simple structure of amplifier;
Nonlinear effect can be reduced;
Low noise.
Major disadvantages of RFA:
High pump power, low efficiency and high cost;

Instantaneous gain, adopting backward pump fashion;
Optical components and optical fiber undertake high
optical power;
Characteristics of gain online are not consistent.
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Page 42
Application of OA
According to its application:
BA: Booster amplifier

LA: Line amplifier
PA: Pre-amplifier
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Page 43
Multiplexer and De-multiplexer

Demultiplexer
Multilpexer
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Page 44
Optical Grating Type DWDM Component
Ultraviolet light interference
1
2 3
Periodic variation of the refractive index (grating)
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Dielectric film filter type
1-4
1 filter
Self-focusing lens
1
3 filter
2
3
4
Glass
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Integrated Optical Waveguide type: AWG
Waveguide
grating
2
Free space
Fan-like
waveguide
Fan-like
waveguide
Small spacing
Large number of channels
Flat pass-band
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Page 47
Optical Supervisory Technologies
1 Optical Supervisory
Technologies OSC
2 Electrical Supervisory
Technologies ESC
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Page 48
Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC)

Transmit related management , supervision information
Operating wavelength 1510nm

Monitoring rate: 2Mb/s
Add / Extract
Requirement: Not limit pumping wavelength of OA, not limit 1310nm
service, available when OA fails, long distance transmission
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Page 49
Typical frame structure of OSC
14
15
16
31
TS0:
Frame alignment signal
TS17: F2 byte
TS1:
E1 byte
TS18: F3 byte
TS2:
F1 byte
TS19: E2 byte
TS3-TS13, TS15:
D1-D12 bytes
Others: Reserved
TS14: ALC byte
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Page 50
OSC transmission
O
M
B
A
F
I
U
F
I
U
OSC input
P
A
OSC output
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Page 51
O
D
Electrical Supervisory Channel (ESC)

The optical transponder unit (OTU) multiplexes the supervisory
information into the service channel for transmission.

The ESC reduces the investment of the OSC. It also deletes the
insertion loss of the FIU. This lowers the cost and the power budget
of optical channels.
NMS
NMS
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Page 52
Questions
What are electro-absorption laser modulation scheme.
How many types are there for the wavelength division multiplexer?
What are their individual characteristics?

Which are the kinds of optical amplifiers? Describe gain flat control
and gain lock of EDFA.

What are optical supervisory channel wavelength and supervisory
rate of DWDM?
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Page 53
Summary
In this chapter, we have learned:

Optical source;
Optical amplifier;
Wavelength division Multiplexer;
Optical supervisory channel.
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Page 54

Chapter 3 DWDM Key Technologies
WDM System
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Page 55
Related ITU-T recommendations

G.652
Characteristics of a single-mode optical fiber cable
G.655
Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted SMF
G.661/G.662/G.663
Relevant recommendations of OA
G.671
Characteristics of passive optical components
G.957
Optical interfaces relating to SDH system
G.691
Optical interfaces for single channel STM-64,

STM-256 systems and other SDH systems with OA
G.692
Optical interfaces for multi-channel systems with OA
G.709
Interfaces for the optical transport network (OTN)
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Page 56
Definition of Transmission Channel Reference Points
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Page 57
Distribution of Optical Wavelength Areas

A fiber has two long wavelength and low loss windows, 1310nm
window and 1550nm window. But the commonly used working

wavelength range for the EDFA is 192.1-196.1THz. Therefore the
working wavelength area for DWDM system is 192.1-196.1THz.
Nominal central frequency refers to the central
wavelength corresponding to each channel in

WDM systems. Channel frequency allowed in
G.692 is based on frequency and spacing
series of reference frequency 193.1THz and
minimum spacing 100GHz or 50GHz.
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Page 58
Questions
Which are the ITU-T recommendations involved for WDM part?
What is the absolute reference frequency for WDM systems? What
is their channel spacing?
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Page 59
Summary
In this chapter, we have learned:

Related ITU-T recommendations
Distribution of Optical Wavelength
Areas
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Page 60
Thank You
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Internal

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

With the development of telecommunication,

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Chapter 1 WDM Overview

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

How to increase network capacity

High rate TDM signal STM-1STM-16 STM-64

SDM add fiber, equipment time

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

WDM System Compositions

Optical wavelength transponder unit (OTU)

Optical Multiplexer Unit / optical De-multiplexer Unit (OMU/ODU)

Optical Amplifier (OA)

Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC/ESC)

All rights reserved

Transmission modes Unidirectional transmission

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Transmission modes - Bi-directional transmission

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Open WDM system has no special requirements for multiplex

terminal optical interfaces, the only requirement is that these

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Application modes - Open system

Application modes - Integrated system

Integrated WDM system does not adopt the wavelength conversion

technology, instead, it requires that the wavelength of the optical

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Brief Introduction to CWDM

160 * 10Gb/s = 1600G

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

In this chapter, we have learned :

characteristics of WDM system.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Chapter 1 WDM Overview

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Structure of Optical Fiber

Optical fiber consists of a cylindrical glass core, a glass cladding and a

plastic wear-resisting coating.