1

Knowledge Is Power
SM
Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

for Energy Delivery
Assessing the Magnetic

Circuit of a Transformer
Jill Duplessis
Doble Engineering Company
2002 Regional Seminar - Denver
Magnetic Circuit of a Transformer

Objectives
To provide an explanation of what we are
learning about a transformer when we perform
an exciting current test and a leakage
reactance test.
To review which tests Doble recommends that
you should be performing & when.
To review how one goes about analyzing results
from these tests.
Finally, to reinforce what we learn by reviewing
case studies together.
A Transformer
Fundamental Principle of Operation
Energy Transfer from one electrical circuit to
another.
Not perfect:
Some energy is lost and dissipated as heat.
Some energy is temporarily stored.
Equivalent Circuit of an Ideal Transformer

If the energy transfer process was perfect, wed
be talking about an ideal transformer.
Assuming a 1:1 turns ratio, the equivalent
circuit of an Ideal Transformer looks like this:
Energy
In
Energy
Out
Since there are no losses in an ideal transformer,

Energy In = Energy Out
Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer

From an energy transfer point-of-view, the elements in
this circuit represent the imperfections in a transformer.
Primary winding dc
resistance measurement
Secondary winding dc
resistance measurement
R DC-1 R L-1 L 1
L 2 R L-2 R DC-2
Lm CUST
Rm
Exciting Current and

Loss measurement, Zm
Leakage Reactance and Loss

measurement, ZL
Dielectric loss (measured in overall tests is lumped in with R m)

Losses in a Power Transformer

Practical Transformer vs. Ideal Transformer
Losses occur due to the following
imperfections in a transformer:
Windings have resistance DC resistance tests
Real and reactive losses exist in the core
Exciting
Physical cores have a finite permeability;
current
tests
exciting current is required to produce
magnetic flux
Leakage reactance tests
There is magnetic flux leakage
Losses in the dielectric circuit
What we measured in the overall tests on a xfmr.
Losses in a Power Transformer

Good News
Losses in a transformer are specified &
controlled.
Manufacturer bases price on guaranteed losses.
Manufacturer designs adequate cooling for a
transformer based on losses.
even though losses represent a cost to the
user, from a diagnostic perspective, we can use
loss info to verify the integrity of the unit.
We are looking for evidence of a change in the
known losses of the transformer.
Before we get started...

A History Lesson in Magnetism:
1820 - Hans Christian Oersted discovered that
when an electric current flows through a wire, it
causes a compass needle to rotate.
i.e. he discovered that an electric current
produces a magnetic field.
Michael Faraday - his ideas about conservation
of energy led him to believe that since an electric
current could cause a magnetic field, a magnetic
field should be able to produce an electric
current.
History of Magnetism
Faraday demonstrated this principle of induction in
1831 with the following experiment:
He moved a coil of wire relative to a magnet &
discovered that a voltage was induced in the coil.
(but only when relative movement is taking place)
Michael Faraday demonstrated the phenomenon
of electromagnetism in a series of experiments.
Responsible for the principles by which electric
generators and transformers work.
For example We apply Faradays discovery
to the arrangement where a magnetic field is
associated with the turns of a winding.
(This time - we are not moving the winding, it
stays stationary. Instead, we vary the magnetic
field same effect.)
Any variation in the strength of the magnetic
field will induce a voltage between the terminals
of the winding.
No voltage is produced if the magnetic field
strength is constant.
Next consider a winding through which a
current is passed.
(Remember that Oersted proved that a current
flowing through a winding will produce a
magnetic field within the winding & in the space
surrounding the winding).
So, when the current is varied (as by applying an
a.c. source), the strength of the magnetic field
produced by the winding will vary.
If we place a 2nd winding near this 1st winding,
the 2nd winding will enclose some of the
magnetic field produced by the 1st.
Since the varying magnetic field produced by
the 1st winding is linked by the 2nd winding, a
voltage will be produced between the terminals of
the 2nd winding.
A Word about Linking:
If windings are only in close proximity to each
other, linking or coupling between them is not
very effective.
a considerable amt. of the magnetic field
produced by the 1st wdg. does not link the 2nd wdg.
How can we improve the linking between
windings?
By arranging the windings relative to each
other using a structure of magnetic material (the
core).
The core uses suitable magnetic material (usually
silicon-iron) that allows a very high degree of
coupling between windings.
UNFORTUNATELY...
The core material is not perfect.
Electromagnetism Background
Recall that one of the properties that
differentiates an ideal transformer from an actual
transformer sitting in a substation is that ...
Physical cores have a finite permeability
exciting current is required to produce magnetic

flux in the core
We see this...
During an open-circuit measurement in which we
observe that a small (usually inductive) current is
drawn at the primary terminals even though the
secondary terminals are open.
Example of Core Characteristics

Permeability
(slope) - the
ability of a
material to
conduct flux
Illustrates
affect of core
construction on
magnetizing/
hysteresis
effects.
Exciting Current Theory

When the Secondary Winding Is Open
1:1
Iex
+
E1
-
E2
The current that flows in the primary winding

should be sufficient to excite the core.

If Load was Connected to the Secondary
1:1
Iex + I2
+
E1
-
ZL
2
E2
The primary current increases by the value of the

secondary current.
I2

When We Have a Turn-to-Turn Fault on the
Secondary During the Exciting Current Test
Iex + If
+
E1
HV
H1
1:1
1 f
f
If
LV
H0
The primary current increases by the value of the

current through the short-circuited turns.

Detection of Winding to Ground Fault in the
Secondary During Exciting Current Test?
Iex + If
HV
H1
1:1
f
f
If
LV
H0
If secondary winding is
and one of the windings develops a
fault to ground, the primary current will increase by the value of
current circulating through the secondary winding and two grounds.

How Do We Detect Fault in the Preventive
Autotransformer During Exciting Current Test?
Iex + Ia
HV
1:1
H1
H0
Ia
LV
When autotransformer is connected across two taps it

acts as a load and the primary current goes up.
Exciting Current Tests

Useful in Detecting:
Turn-to-turn winding failure
1 or more turns completely short-circuited.
2 or more parallel strands of different turns
are short-circuited.
LTC problems
Open circuit, shorted turns or high resistance
connections in the LTC P.A., series auto or
series transformer
misalignment, mechanical problems, coking
and wear of LTC & DETC contacts
Exciting Current Tests

Useful in Detecting (cont):
Manufacturing defects.
Abnormal (multiple) core grounds.
Changes in the core characteristics.
Exciting Current Test Procedure - Delta

H2
L-V Lead
L-V Lead
H3
H2
Ie (1-2)
Ie (1-2)
H-V Test Cable

Ie (1-3)
H3
Ie (1-3)
GND Lead
I&W Meter
Guard Point
GND Lead
UST Mode
Guard
Point
I&W Meter
Note: For Exciting Current tests performed with the M4000,

the charging current (mA) and watts-loss are recorded.
Exciting Current Test Procedure -Wye

H2
H1
H-V Test Cable
H0
H1
H2
Ie (1-0)
Ie (1-0)
H0
I&W Meter
L-V Lead
H3
Guard Point
Guard
Point
L-V Lead
I&W Meter
UST Mode
H3
Important!!!!
Test Measurement Recommendations
Especially Important!!!!
Test Measurement Recommendations
Analysis
TEST RESULTS ANALYSIS
LTC and phase patterns should be analyzed
It is useful to know whether specimen is
capacitive or inductive
Watts loss is always determined by the core
So...
What do we mean by LTC & phase pattern?
What makes a specimen inductive rather than
capacitive or vice-versa?
LTC and Phase Pattern

Nomenclature
LTC pattern
The relationship between exciting current (or loss)
measurements recorded within a phase as the
LTC is moved from one position to another.
12 LTC patterns
Phase Pattern
The relationship between exciting current (or loss)
measurements recorded for all three phases at a
single tap position.
3 Phase patterns
Capacitive or Inductive Specimen?

To understand what makes a specimen capacitive or
inductive, we revisit the equivalent circuit of a transformer.
I2R loss is much
lower than loss
in the core
R DC-1 R L-1 L 1
L 2 R L-2 R DC-2
Lm CUST
Rm
Exciting Current and

Loss measurement, Zm
we can neglect the

energy storage and loss
in the leakage channel.
Practically all of the magnetic flux is confined to the core.

the impedance encountered by the current is predominantly
determined by the reluctance of the core.

Equivalent Circuit of the Open-Circuit Test reduces to:
I ex
IC
IL
IC
IR
IR
IQ
I ex
IL
L - Magnetizing Inductance
C - Turn-to-turn Capacitance
R - Resistance associated with losses in the
core & turn-to-turn insulation

Inductive LTC pattern
Magnetizing current capacitive current in
each tap position, so that the resultant
measured current is always inductive in nature.
Characteristic of the vast majority of exciting
current test results reported for transformers.
Capacitive LTC pattern
Capacitive current magnetizing current, at
several tap positions.
Analysis for Inductive Specimens

For an inductive specimen (majority of xfmrs):
The LTC pattern should be identified by
comparing the behavior of the test data with one
of the 12 documented LTC patterns.
The LTC pattern should be the same in each of
the 3 phases, for both the mA results & the Watts
results.
The phase pattern at each tap position should
be confirmed.
This pattern should be identical at every tap
position, for both mA & Watts measurements.

Possible phase patterns:
H-L-H Characteristic of:
Phase Pattern A
3-legged core-type transformer

5-legged core or shell-type transformer that
has a delta-connected secondary winding
L-H-L
Characteristic of:
Phase Pattern B
3-legged core-type transformer that has a

wye-connected winding with an
inaccessible neutral.
3-legged core-type transformer with a
delta-connected winding if testing two
phases of the winding in parallel.
Wye Winding with No H0 Bushing
Wye Winding with No H0 Bushing

All 3 Readings Similar
Phase Pattern C
Characteristic of four and five legged coretype transformers and shell-type

transformers with non-delta secondary
windings
All 3 Readings Dissimilar (H-M-L)

May be indicative of a magnetized core
May actually be capacitive specimen - not
inductive after all
Analysis
FACTORS OTHER THAN DEFECTS THAT
MAY INFLUENCE TEST RESULTS:
UST capacitance If capacitance inductive
component, you have a capacitive

specimen & analysis changes.
Test voltage
Test results are voltage dependent

so data can only be compared if
performed at identical voltages.
Residual magnetism
Design and position of LTC
Test Connections
Capacitive LTC Patterns

Experience with Capacitive LTC Patterns
Effects documented as early as 1972
1996 - 3rd Component of Exciting Current
discussed in detail
Negligible in Low-voltage Transformers
Traditionally, IC Im in High-voltage Transformers
Today, IC may be of same order of magnitude
or Im
Due to Reduced losses & magnetizing
power of xfmr cores
Due to high capacitance windings
Capacitive LTC Patterns

Effects of a Strong Capacitive Presence
PHASE PATTERN IS AFFECTED
Depends on Relative Magnitudes of Im and IC
in Each Phase
Typically all 3 Phases are Capacitive
CAN RESULT IN ANY PHASE PATTERN
Measured Phase Pattern Accepted as
Benchmark
Phase Pattern for Current may Differ from
Phase Pattern for Loss
Factors other than defects that can influence

test results.
Test Voltage
IL, IC [mA]
IC
IL
IL < IC
IL > IC
5
10
V [kV]
Factors other than defects that can influence

test results.
RESIDUAL MAGNETISM
Always present, but in most cases has no
significant effect on test results.
Majority of problems have a much larger effect
(> 50%) on test results than residual magnetism
would have
Increases current if specimen is inductive
Increases or decreases current if specimen is
capacitive
Example of an LTC Pattern
I1
Pattern 1:
Test results for all nonbridging positions are equal.
Test results for all bridging
positions are equal.
4R
8R
12R
16R
Example of an LTC Pattern

Pattern 2:
Test results for all non-bridging

positions are equal. Test results
for all bridging positions are
equal, except in one or several
positions, with all readings in
these positions being equal as
well.
4R
8R
12R
16R
Exciting Current Testing
Case Studies
Exciting Current Case Study 1

Case Number 02-06
Unit Tested:
U.S. Transformer, 3 two-winding transformer
-Y connected
20 MVA
69/12.47 kV
1978 - vintage
Rewound in 2000
Case Study 1 (# 02-06)

Testing Circumstances:
Tested upon receipt from the manufacturers
repair facility where it had been completely
rewound.
overall insulation tests - acceptable
bushing tests - acceptable
field power factor test on an oil sample from the
main tank - acceptable
Case Study 1 - Exciting Current Results

Tap Position A-phase
(mA)
N
20.06
1R
82.54
2R
20.16
3R
82.7
4R
20.37
5R
82.94
6R
20.69
7R
83.26
8R
21.09
9R
83.62
10R
21.57
11R
84.07
12R
22.13
13R
84.54
14R
22.78
15R
85.09
16R
23.49
B-phase
(mA)
8.72
72.04
8.94
72.2
9.61
72.45
10.72
72.86
12.32
73.42
14.42
74.18
17.04
75.17
20.18
76.45
23.85
C-phase
(mA)
19.05
81.98
19.14
82.14
19.36
82.37
19.68
82.68
20.28
83.39
22.4
84.27
23.93
85.17
25.8
86.21
27.88
A-phase (W) B-phase (W) C-phase (W)

149.6
161.7
150.1
162.7
151.4
164.5
153.5
166.8
156.3
169.9
159.7
173.6
163.9
178.1
168.6
183.1
173.9
66.5
75.91
69.06
80.92
76.53
90.76
89.04
106.2
106.5
126
128.9
150.5
156.3
180.4
188.7
215.3
226.2
142.8
155.3
143.3
156.2
144.7
158.2
147
161.1
152
171.9
176
194.7
190.5
213.6
211
234.6
232.9
LTC Pattern 4
Pattern 4:
I1
Test results represent a series

transformer or autotransformer
exciting current superimposed on
pattern 1. This current changes
according to increments in the tap
winding.
4R
8R
12R
16R
LTC Pattern - Phase A
Phase A
[mA] Bridging
72
18
60
48
12
36
24
12
0
[mA] Non-bridging
24
84
0
N (1R)
2R (3R)
4R (5R)
6R (7R)
8R (9R)
10R (11R)
12R (13R)
14R (15R)
16R
LT C Position
Bridging Positions
Non-bridging Positions
LTC Pattern - Phase B
Phase B
25
[mA] Bridging
72
20
60
48
15
36
10
24
12
0
[mA] Non-bridging
84
0
N (1R)
2R (3R)
4R (5R)
6R (7R)
8R (9R)
10R (11R)
12R (13R)
14R (15R)
16R
LT C Position
Bridging Positions
LTC Pattern - Phase C
Phase C
70
24
56
18
42
12
28
14
0
N (1R)
2R (3R)
4R (5R)
6R (7R)
8R (9R)
10R (11R)
12R (13R)
14R (15R)
[mA] Non-bridging
[mA] Bridging
84
16R
LT C Position (Non-bridging superimposed on Bridging)

Briding Positions
Phase Pattern (bridging positions) - Current
90
85
[mA]
80
75
70
65
60
1R
3R
5R
A-phase b.
7R
9R
B-phase b.
11R
13R
15R
C-phase b.
Phase Pattern (non-bridging positions) - Current
30
25
[mA]
20
15
10
5
0
N
2R
4R
A-phase n.b.
6R
8R
10R
B-phase n.b.
12R
14R
16R
C-phase n.b.
Phase Pattern (non-bridging positions) - Watts
250
200
[W]
150
100
50
0
N
2R
4R
A-phase n.b.
6R
8R
10R
B-phase n.b.
12R
14R
16R
C-phase n.b.
Phase Pattern (bridging positions) - Watts
250
200
[W]
150
100
50
0
1R
3R
5R
A-phase b.
7R
9R
B-phase b.
11R
13R
15R
C-phase b.
Problem Found
Investigation
Manufacturer electrically isolated the series transformer
for tests; exciting current tests indicated a definite problem
on the center phase.
Problem: a short between turns in the outer coil of the
center phase of the series transformer.
The short was at the bottom of the coil between the first turn and the
bottom lead. At the location where the lead enters the coil and bends,
the insulation on the top strand of the lead and the bottom strand of
the first turn was cut, allowing the two strands to come into contact
with each other. The factorys normal practice includes taping a
NOMEX pad in between the lead and adjacent strands for added
protection since there is a risk of damaging the insulation in this area
by moving the leads around. In this case, the pad was missing.
Comments
The insulation failure that caused the strands to
short affected the current circulating through the
series transformer in all LTC positions.
partial turn-to-turn short circuit acted as a load on
the transformer.
in-phase, or loss, component of the exciting
current
exciting current magnitude
Why, in the bridging tap positions, was the problem
not noticeable in the exciting current measurements
while it was in the loss readings?
Case Study 2 (# 02-09)

Capacitive LTC patterns
Unit Tested:
General Electric, 3 two-winding transformer
-Y connected
7.5 MVA
67/12.5 kV
1982 - vintage
G.E. Type LRT-200A LTC
Case Study 2
Testing Circumstances:
Concern from utility owner that the protection
circuitry for the vacuum bottles in the LTC was
not working properly.
X1 LTC lead S was twisted, which caused
the X1 bypass switch to be out of
synchronization with the other two phases.
Power factor & TTR test results - normal
Exciting current results - unusual
Exciting Current Data: LTC Pattern Analysis
LTC PATTERN 2
Exciting Current Data: Phase Pattern Analysis
Non-Bridging Tap Positions - Current Measurements
Phase Pattern B
Explanation of Phase Pattern in N.B. Positions
Current Measurements - Phase Pattern B

IL
IC
IC
IQ
IQ = Quadrature
Component of
Exciting Current
~ Measured
Exciting Current
(L-H-L)
IL
IC
IQ
IL
IL = Icore
Non-Bridging Tap Positions - Loss Measurements
Phase Pattern A
Bridging Tap Positions - Loss Measurements
Phase Pattern A
Bridging Tap Positions - Current Measurements
Phase Pattern A
Explanation of Phase Pattern in B. Positions
IC
IC
IQ
IQ = IL + IC =
Quadrature
Component ~
Measured
Exciting Current
Icore
IPA
IC
Icore
IQ
IPA
Icore
IL = Icore + IPA
IPA
(H-L-H)
Exciting Current Measurements

60
50
40
[mA]
30
20
10
0
N
1L 2L 3L
4L 5L 6L
7L 8L
9L 10L 11L
12L 13L 14L
LTC Position
15L 16L
H3-H1
H1-H2
Watts Measurements
100
90
80
70
60
[W]
50
40
30
20
10
0
N
1L 2L 3L
4L 5L 6L
7L 8L
9L 10L 11L
12L 13L 14L
LTC Position
15L 16L
H3-H1
H1-H2
Doble Turns Ratio Test
Doble Transformer Turns Ratio
Benefits of the Turns Ratio Test

Confirm nameplate ratios
Detect short-circuited turn-to-turn insulation
Detect open-circuited windings
Doble TTR Test Procedure

HV Lead
UST
CTRUE
Doble TTR
Capacitor
LV Lead
I
CTRUE=
Vx
Doble TTR Test Procedure

HV Lead
UST
V1
N
V2
Doble TTR
Capacitor
I
Capparent
V2
V1
Capparent
I
( V1/N)
Now, if we take the ratio:
CTRUE/CApparent
LV Lead
Ctrue
Ca
N
Capparent Ca N
We obtain:
N - the turns ratio
Doble TTR - DTA Screen
TTR Case Study

Unit Tested:
-Y connected
5 MVA
50.5/13.09 kV
1980 - vintage
TTR Case Study

Exciting Current Test Results (4/24/02)
TTR Test Results (4/24/02)
Previous TTR Test Results (7/25/95)
TTR Case Study
TTR Case Study
Leakage Reactance Tests
Doble Leakage Reactance Test
Leakage Reactance Test
1:1
Iex + I2
+
E1
-
ZL
2
E2
I2
Leakage Flux
The combined action of both currents results in some of
the flux being present in the unit permeability space.
Flux that is not confined to the core for

the entire length of its path.
The unit permeability space includes the space between the

windings, w/in the windings & between the windings and the tank.
Leakage Flux
The primary winding is linked by almost all of the
leakage flux in addition to the magnetizing flux,
while the secondary winding is linked by the
magnetizing flux but very little of the leakage flux.
the primary winding has a greater voltage induced
in each of its turns under load than the secondary
winding.
We can account for this voltage drop by introducing a
leakage reactance.
Leakage Reactance Equivalent Circuit

R DC-1 R L-1 L 1
L 2 R L-2 R DC-2
Lm CUST
Rm
E1
E2
Short-Circuit Impedance
R DC-1 R L-1 L 1
E1
L 2 R L-2 R DC-2
Leakage Reactance
E2
Leakage reactance for most xfmrs is constant & can be measured w/out
the presence of the full load leakage flux that requires full load current.
Leakage Channel
The leakage flux path includes the regions occupied by the
windings. The leakage reactance may be sensitive to deformations
in the windings.
Top yoke
Leakage channel
Outer winding
Core leg
Inner winding
Bottom yoke
Benefits of the Leakage Reactance Test

Confirm nameplate impedance
Investigate winding deformations
Due to through faults
Due to rough handling during transportation
Easy to perform with the proper additions to the M4000
(M4110 Module)
Capacitance versus Leakage Reactance

Capacitance:
Sensitive to temperature & contamination
Normally involves all three phases
Leakage Reactance:
Not sensitive to temperature & contamination
Can be performed on a per-phase basis
Better sensitivity to winding deformations
Can compare results to N/P Impedance
Excitation Current Tests:
More sensitive to core problems than winding
deformations
Test Procedures
Initial test:
Perform Three-Phase Equivalent test for
comparison to Nameplate
Perform Per-Phase tests to act as benchmark for
future tests
Subsequent tests:
Perform only Per-Phase tests for comparison to
benchmark tests
Leakage Reactance Test

Doble M4110 Leakage Reactance Test Set
M4100 & M4110 L.R. Module Test Connections
Nameplate Data Required for LRT

3-Phase Equivalent Leakage Reactance Test
3-Phase Equivalent Leakage Reactance Test
Nameplate Data Required for LRT

Per-Phase Leakage Reactance Test
Per-Phase Leakage Reactance Test
Analysis
First, or benchmark test, should be within 3%
of Nameplate.
Subsequent tests should be within 2% of
benchmark.
If all three phases on Per-Phase tests agree, it is
likely that there is no winding deformation.
LRT Case Study

Unit Tested:
114 GR. Y/65.8 - 13.2 kV
80/89.6 MVA
1961 - vintage
Background:
During a short outage for normal generator
maintenance, the 13.8 kV generator bus PTs were
replaced due to PCB contamination.
LRT Case Study - Background

During the replacement, the secondary wiring on
the potential transformers was mistakenly
reversed.
The reversed potential to the synchronizing
equipment allowed the generator breaker to be
closed, and connected the generator into the
transmission system 180 degrees out-of-phase.
The generator remained connected to the
system for 3.06 seconds and operated in an outof-step manner for the entire period.
LRT Case Study - Background

The generator was closed into the system, 180
degrees out-of-phase, a second time.
The generator operated in an out-of-step condition for
200 ms.
The initial current was about 26,600 amps on the
13.8 kV bus and then declined until the trip
occurred.
The second trip command was initiated by the stepup transformer sudden pressure relay, which tripped
into a lockout relay. No further attempts were made
to close the generator breaker.
LRT Case Study - Inspection

Inspection:
An external visual inspection was made and no
apparent problems were found.
The secondary wiring on the 13.8 kV bus PTs was
checked and wiring errors were discovered,
corrected and tested.
The sudden pressure relay that initiated the second
trip was found to have welded contacts and was
replaced.
An oil sample was taken from the transformer and
sent in for DGA analysis; no change in gas quantities
was found.
LRT Case Study - Investigation

Overall Test Results - Post-fault (2000)
Insul.
kV
mA
Watts
CH + CHL
CH
CHL (UST)
CHL
CL + CHL
CL
CHL (UST)
CHL
10
10
10
185.6
184.5
1.101
1.100
152
150.90
1.100
1.100
6.642
6.646
0
-0.004
5.190
5.196
0
-0.006
10
10
10
% Power Factor
Meas
Corr
0.36
0
-0.04
0.36
0
-0.04
0.34
0
-0.05
0.34
0
-0.05
Corr.
Factor
Cap
(pF)
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
49246
48952
292.1
294
40322
40028
291.90
294
RTG
G
G
G
I
G
G
Observations from Overall Test Results

Insignificant change in the capacitance of the LV
winding to ground insulation occurred from 1986 to
1999. (There were no results available for this
transformer prior to 1986).
However, capacitance decreased from 42,371 pF in 1999
to a post-incident capacitance of 40028 pF, a change of
5.53%.
Observations
Due to a grounded shield in
between the HV and LV
windings, the L-G
measurement is actually a
combination of insulation
systems: CL & CL-S
Changes in a capacitance
measurement usually
represent physical changes in
the insulation system under
measurement.
HV
CH
CH-S
Inter-winding
Shield
CL-S
LV
CL
Tank
and
Core
Leakage Reactance Test Results

Three-Phase Equivalent
The average short circuit impedance listed on
nameplate was 10.02%.
The 3-phase Leakage Reactance measurement
using the M4110 was 11.26%.
The 3-phase equivalent test deviated from the
average short circuit impedance by 12.35%.
Leakage Reactance Test Results

Per-Phase Tests:
The measured per-phase results were
11.92%, 10.79% and 9.12% for phases A, B
and C, respectively.
The per-phase measurement deviated from the
average by as much as 14%.
An internal inspection was scheduled.
Internal Inspection
Upon entering the transformer it was obvious
severe damage had occurred. Damage to top
clamping plates and wedge clamps.
Internal Inspection
Damage on phase #1
was somewhat worse.
Photo 5 shows top end
ring pushed up about
three inches
Following the internal
inspection,
arrangements were
made to replace the
failed step-up
transformer.
Observations from Internal Inspection

During the disassembly of the transformer, it was
expected to see some deformation in the windings
from the forces which caused the damage to the
clamping plates, wedge clamps and end rings.
Actual damage to the windings was very minimal
with no noticeable deformation.
The sudden pressure relay operated due to a shock
wave in the oil created by mechanical forces. This is
assumed due to lack of gas generation and no hot
spots were found.
Thank You!
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Knowledge Is Power

Apparatus Maintenance and Power Management

Assessing the Magnetic

Magnetic Circuit of a Transformer

2002 Regional Seminar - Denver

Equivalent Circuit of an Ideal Transformer

Since there are no losses in an ideal transformer,

Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer

Exciting Current and

Leakage Reactance and Loss

Dielectric loss (measured in overall tests is lumped in with R m)

Losses in a Power Transformer

Losses in a Power Transformer

Before we get started...

exciting current is required to produce magnetic

Example of Core Characteristics

Exciting Current Theory

The current that flows in the primary winding

Exciting Current Theory

The primary current increases by the value of the

Exciting Current Theory

The primary current increases by the value of the

Exciting Current Theory

Exciting Current Theory

When autotransformer is connected across two taps it

Exciting Current Tests

Exciting Current Tests

2002 Regional Seminar - Denver

Exciting Current Test Procedure - Delta

H-V Test Cable

Note: For Exciting Current tests performed with the M4000,

Exciting Current Test Procedure -Wye

H-V Test Cable

2002 Regional Seminar - Denver

2002 Regional Seminar - Denver

2002 Regional Seminar - Denver

LTC and Phase Pattern

Capacitive or Inductive Specimen?

Exciting Current and

we can neglect the

Practically all of the magnetic flux is confined to the core.

Capacitive or Inductive Specimen?

Capacitive or Inductive Specimen?

2002 Regional Seminar - Denver

Analysis for Inductive Specimens

Analysis for Inductive Specimens

3-legged core-type transformer

3-legged core-type transformer that has a

Wye Winding with No H0 Bushing

2002 Regional Seminar - Denver

Wye Winding with No H0 Bushing

2002 Regional Seminar - Denver

Analysis for Inductive Specimens

Characteristic of four and five legged coretype transformers and shell-type

All 3 Readings Dissimilar (H-M-L)

2002 Regional Seminar - Denver

component, you have a capacitive

Test results are voltage dependent

Capacitive LTC Patterns

Capacitive LTC Patterns

Factors other than defects that can influence

Factors other than defects that can influence