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STRUCTURAL FAILURES
Presented by
ANKIT KUMAR
USN No.-4JC08CT008
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CLASSIFICATION OF FAILURES
3. CAUSES OF FAILURES
Construction errors
Design errors
Earthquake failure
Foundation movements
Shape Failures
Detailing Failures
Soft storey collapse
7. REMEDIAL MEASURES
8. CONCLUSIONS
9. REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
The failure of structure is a very disturbing event for a civil engineer.
It was almost non-existent in the past. Structures were known for the
increase strength.
There is also today an improved understanding of structural analysis
CLASSIFICATION OF FAILURES
These are usually observed as cracks and deformation in structures.
Cracks could be broadly classified as structural or non- structural.
Structural cracks-
CAUSES OF FAILURES
Construction errors
Design errors
Earthquake failure
Foundation movements
1. Construction errors
2. Design errors
Another reason for design deficiency is lack of design checks and revisions
3. Earthquake Failure
Although codes specify the wind and earthquake analysis and design
requirements, in some cases it may so happen that these loads may be more
than those assumed by the designer.
The engineering approach to earthquake resistant design must recognize the
limitations of ground conditions, available materials And labour.
4. Foundation Movements
Can be classified in two categories:
Lateral spreading
Settlement
Shape failures
Detailing Failures
Soft storey collapse
Shape failure
2. Detailing failures
With a lot of building failures it is not always easy to see exactly why a structure
has failed. This is especially true for detailing, as bad detailing is often one of a
number of factors, which can weaken a structure.
Bad detailing is the cause of large proportion older concrete buildings, which
ductility.
and this in turn has resulted in the plate steel loosing its stiffness and
rigidity and so failing by crushing.
This photo shows the failure of plate steel when loaded vertically.
failure though is that there was either a weld or material defect that
weakened the steel and allowed a crack.
durability problems.
Structures are:
moisture, oxygen, carbonation, chlorides, temperature and relative
humidity, quality of construction materials, quality of concrete, cover
to the reinforcement, initial curing conditions, and formation of
cracks.
REMEDIAL MEASURES
The remedial measures that should be taken to avoid structural failures
are discussed briefly below
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES