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CONCEPT DEFINITION
VARIABLE DEFINITION
TYPES OF VARIABLES
RESEARCH PROPOSITIONS
HYPOTHESES:
HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT
RESEARCH AND NULL HYPOTHESES
MODELS: TYPES OF MODELS
RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS
DELIMITATIONS
1
IDENTIFICATION OF
RESEARCH ISSUE/QUESTIONS
2
FOPRMULATION OF
RESEARCH PROBLEMS
3
REVIEW OF
RELATED
LITERATURE
4
CLARIFICATION
OF CONCEPTS
IDENTIFICATION
OF VARIABLES
STATEMENT OF
HYPOTHESIS
EXPLORATORY
SELECTION OF
RESEARCH
DESIGN
SURVEYS
DESCRIPTIVE
CASE STUDIES
CAUSAL
LABORATORY
EXPERIMENTS
FIELD
EXPERIMENTS
PARTICIPANT
OBSERVATION
SELECTION OF
DATA COLLECTION
TECHNIQUES
NON-PARTICIPANT
PRIMARY
DATA
SECONDARY
DATA
QUESTIONNAIRES
DIRECT
COMMUNICATION
INTERVIEWS
PROJECTIVE
CLARIFICATION
OF CONCEPTS
IDENTIFICATION
OF VARIABLES
STATEMENT
OF HYPOTHESES
WHAT IS A CONCEPT?
A Concept is ..
- An idea, A notion
- That which exists in the mind as the product of
careful mental activity
- Is an abstraction from observed events
- A word that represents the similarities or
common aspects of events.
WHAT IS A VARIABLE?
A variable is a qualitative or quantitative
entity that can vary or take on different
values.
In research, variables are things that are
measured and represent the concepts
studied.
TYPES OF VARIABLES
INDEPENDENT
DEPENDENT
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
2 TYPES:
1. Explanatory/Experimental Variables
- variables/Factors which are hypothesized to cause
certain effect upon the Dependent Variables
2. Extraneous/Moderating/Intervening Variables
- the distorting variables which tend to invalidate or
weaken the hypothesis that the Explanatory
Variables cause a change in the Dependent
Variables
TEST UNITS: is the entity acted upon by the
Independent Variable. The test unit
varies
with the type of experiment.
DEPENDENT VARIABLES
- The quantity that is affected by the Independent Variable
- Various Dependent Variables used in different disciplines
DISCIPLINE
TYPICAL DEPENDENT
VARIABLE
Agriculture
Psychology
Education
biology
Engineering
Medicine
Management
Marketing
Human Resources
Management
RESEARCH PROPOSITIONS
A proposition states that Every concept
either has a certain property or it stands in
a certain relationship with other concepts.
Propositions are statements concerning
Relationships among concepts and that at
the explanatory level, a proposition is the
Logical linkage among concepts.
STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESES
- If you dont know what you are looking for, then
you wont find it.
- Hypotheses statements state what you are
looking for.
- They anticipate the possible answers to the
research question.
- An important role of an hypothesis is to suggest
variables to be included.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
The research Hypotheses states the
expectation of the researcher in positive
terms.
It identifies the variables or conditions
which, in causal relationship, will be
advanced to account for the results and
is often derived from theory.
NULL HYPOTHESES
The Null Hypotheses which are the hypotheses of
No Relationship or No Difference is the one
actually tested.
It is an arbitrary convention hypothesizing that
any relation or difference in the findings is due to
chance or sampling error, and puts this
supposition to a probability test.
Theoretically, it is an hypothesis set up for
possible rejection and though the degree of
relationship or margin of difference need not be
zero, it frequently is.
HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT
How does the researcher generate
hypotheses?
The answer is that whatever information
is available is used to speculate on
which answers to the Research
Questions are possible and which are
likely.
Research
Objectives
Research
Question
Past
Experience
Other
Disciplines
Statement of
Hypothesis
Research
Design
2.
The two means in the two populations from which the samples were
respectively drawn at random are equal.
3.
4.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The Scientific approach to Social
Scientific investigation consists of:
1. A logical consistent theoretical
framework, and
2. A process of statistical measurement
and estimation/inference.
CONCEPTUAL MODEL/FRAMEWORK
DEFINITION: Simplified representation of a more
complex process or condition. It may be qualitative or
quantitative; normative or descriptive, and may range
from simple to very complex.
TYPES OF MODELS
1. QUALITATIVE MODEL
Commonly used in the analysis and prediction of
behaviour e.g. Personality characteristics and
Leadership behaviour.
2. QUANTITATIVE MODEL
Have the capability of providing the user with numerical
outputs. These might be measurement of customer
flows and expenditures, forecasts of return on
investment etc.
OTHER MODELS
1.
2.
3.
BEHAVIOURAL MODELS
Motivational model e.g Maslow
4.
PURPOSE OF MODEL
-
1.
2.
3.
..Contd
THEORETICAL
UNDERPINNING
RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS
- Assumptions reduce the potential
criticism of the research
- Helps to isolate factors being tested
- Assumptions are a set of conditions that
the researcher presume are true and
valid as they act on the condition or
situation being studied.
DELIMITATIONS
- Delimitations are acceptable limits
- Restrictions placed on the study to make it
doable
- Example:
-The sample taken from the population
-Delimit the study to certain population
only
-Due to cost and time factor
- May relate to people and things
ASSIGNMENT 3
1. DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
2. DEFINITIONS OF VARIABLES
3. FORMULATION OF RESEARCH
PROPOSITIONS/HYPOTHESES
4. DETERMINE THE THEORETICAL
UNDERPINNING