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THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM
CHAPTER 10:
Skeletal Anatomy
Skeletal System
Mechanically, the skeletal system my be
thought of as an arrangement of rigid links
connected to each other at joints to allow
specific movements.
Knowledge of
the skeletal
system is
important for
ALL
movement
analysts
Peripheral or appendicular
skeleton
bones of the arms and legs
Bone Shape
The mechanical stresses imposed a bone
and its function determine its shape.
Types of Bones
Short bones
Limited gliding motions and shock absorption.
Small, cubical structures (e.g., carpals, tarsals)
Types of bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Protection, provide attachment sites
Flat in shape (e.g., scapula)
Types of bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Multi-functional
odd shapes (e.g., vertebrae)
Types of bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Long bones
long shaft and bulbous heads (condyles, tubercles, or
tuberosities)
serve as levers for movement (e.g., tibia, femur,
humerus, radius, ulna, clavicle, fibula, metatarsals, and
the phalanges)
Material Constituents:
Calcium carbonate
60 to 70%
of
mass
calcium phosphate
collagen
water 25 to 30% of bone mass
Material Constituents:
stiffness
Calcium carbonate
compressive
calcium phosphate
strength
collagen flexibility (tensile strength)
water tensile & compressive strength
Structural Organization
Cortical bone
(compact)
Low porosity
5-30% of bone
volume nonmineralized tissue.
Trabecular
(spongy\cancellous)
High porosity
30 to > 90% volume
non-mineralized
tissue.
Strain
deformation
amount of
deformation
divided by
original length
Life is an ongoing
cycle of repeated
applied external
stresses, interrupted
by applications of
isolated stresses of
varying magnitudes.
Generic
Stress-Strain Relationship
tic
Re
gio
on
Elastic
Limit
El
as
Stress (load)
Plastic Reg
i
Strain (deformation)
Plastic Region
Elastic
Region
Stress (load)
Bone
Stress-Strain Relationship
Fracture
Threshold
Strain (deformation)
Shear
Tension
Compression
Stress to Fracture
Load Type
Longitudinal growth
length increases occur at the epiphyses
epiphyseal plates.
Circumferential growth
Bones alter diameter throughout lifespan
most rapid change before adulthood.
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
form new
bone
resorb
existing bone
increased stress
decreased stress
The pattern of
trabecular bone
in the
greater trochanter
neck of the femur
head of the femur
reflects femurs roles:
muscle attachment
flexibility
weight transfer
support
Atrophy in Bone
Weight & strength decrease
Calcium content diminishes
reduced BMD
Rate of loading
Magnitude
Frequency
Quartiles based on
miles walked/week
Krall et al, 1994, Walking is
related to bone density and rates
of bone loss. AJSM, 96:20-26
Is physical
decline
inevitable
with
aging?
No.
Genetics
dominates.
But
lifestyle
modulates.
How much
activity do
we need?
Synarthoses (immovable)
Amphiarthroses (slightly movable)
Diarthroses or synovial (freely
movable)
Get our attention
Mobility is a
very precious gift.
More complex than
the space shuttle.
Role of Meniscii
Joint Stability
Joint stability - resist abnormal
displacement of the articulating bones.
Dislocation - bones displace out of their normal
positions.
Subluxation - a partial dislocation of a joint.
Joint Stability
Dislocation - bones displace out of their
normal positions.
Impingement
Subluxation
Dislocation
Joint Stability
Contributing factors
shape of articulating surfaces
close-packed position: position of max contact
knee, wrist, interphalangeal: full extension
ankle: full dorsiflexion
Joint Stability
Fatigue or improper use of the joints are major
contributing factors.
Muscles add to joint stability.
Joint Stability
Contributing factors
arrangement of ligaments & muscles
concept of rotary & stabilizing components of
muscle/ligament tension
rotary: component that causes/tends to cause rotation
stabilizing: acts parallel to the bone
Joint Stability
Rotary component - perpendicular
component of a muscle force.
Stabilizing component - parallel component
of a muscle force acting toward the joint
center.
Dislocating component - parallel component
of a muscle force acting away from the joint
center.
Joint Stability
Fascia - fibrous connective tissue that
surrounds muscles and the bundles of
muscle fibers within muscles, providing
protection and support.
Iliotibial band.
Joint Flexibility
Factors influencing joint flexibility:
Shape of articulating bones
other soft tissue: stiffness & mass
Best Advice:
Use It
Dont Lose It
Types of stretching:
Active - stretching muscles, tendons, &
ligaments by active development of tension
in the antagonist muscles
Passive - stretching muscles, tendons, &
ligaments by a force other than tension in
the antagonist muscles (gravity, another
segment, another person)
Types of stretching
Ballistic - a series of quick, bouncing
movements.
Static - a slow controlled stretch held over
time (10-30s, 3 to 4 reps)
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation alternating contraction and relaxation of the
muscles being stretched.
Contract-relax& pull-contract