OPERATING

SYSTEM

What is an Operating
System?

An operating system or OS is a software

program that enables the computer
hardware to communicate and operate with
the computer software.
An operating system is a program that acts
as an intermediary between a user of a
computer and the computer hardware.
It manages the computer's memory,
processes, and all of its software and
hardware.

 Operating system goals:

Execute user programs and make
solving user problems easier
Make the computer system convenient
to use
Use the computer hardware in an
efficient manner

Computer System
Components
Computer system can be divided into four
components:
Hardware provides basic computing resources
CPU, memory, I/O devices
Operating system
Controls and coordinates use of hardware among
various applications and users
Application programs define the ways in which
the system resources are used to solve the
computing problems of the users
Word processors, compilers, web browsers,
database systems, video games
Users
People, machines, other computers

Operating System is

OS is a resource allocator
Manages all resources
Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and
fair resource use
OS is a control program
Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and
improper use of the computer

Components of computer
system

Functions of OS
Operating System as a Resource
Manager
Process Management
Memory Management
Storage Management
Device Management
Protection and Security

Operating System as a
Resource Manager
Operating System Also Known as the Resource
Manager as it manages all the Resources those are
Attached to the System like Memory and Processor and
all the Input output .
The Operating System identifies at which time the CPU
will perform which Operation and in which Time the
Memory is used by which Programs. When the Input
and Output Devices are used by the which Programs.
Decides between conflicting requests for efficient
and fair resource use

Process Management
An OS is responsible for the following tasks
with regards to process management:
Creating and deleting both user and system
processes
Ensuring that each process receives its
necessary resources, without interfering with
other processes.
Suspending and resuming processes
Process synchronization and communication
Deadlock handling

Memory Management
An OS is responsible for the following
tasks with regards to memory
management:
Keeping track of which blocks of memory
are currently in use, and by which
processes.
Determining which blocks of code and data
to move into and out of memory, and when.
Allocating and deallocating memory as
needed. ( E.g. new, malloc )

Storage Management
1. File-System Management
An OS is responsible for the following tasks with
regards to file-system management:
Creating and deleting files and directories
Supporting primitives for manipulating files and
directories. ( open, etc. )
Mapping files onto secondary storage.
Backing up files onto stable permanent storage media.
2. Mass-Storage Management
An OS is responsible for the following tasks with
regards to mass-storage management:
Free disk space management
Storage allocation
Disk scheduling

Storage Management
3. Caching :
The OS is responsible for determining what information to
store in what level of cache, and when to transfer data from
one level to another.
The proper choice of cache management can have a profound
impact on system performance.
Data read in from disk follows a migration path from the hard
drive to main memory, then to the CPU cache, and finally to
the registers before it can be used, while data being written
follows the reverse path. Each step ( other than the registers )
will typically fetch more data than is immediately needed,
and cache the excess in order to satisfy future requests faster.
For writing, small amounts of data are frequently buffered
until there is enough to fill an entire "block" on the next
output device in the chain.

Device Management
OS manages device communication via their
respective drivers. Operating System does the
following activities for device management.
Keeps tracks of all devices. Program responsible
for this task is known as the I/O controller.
Decides which process gets the device when and
for how much time.
Allocates the device in the efficient way.
De-allocates devices.

Protection and Security

Protection involves ensuring that no process
access or interfere with resources to which they
are not entitled, either by design or by accident. (
E.g. "protection faults" when pointer variables are
misused. )
Security involves protecting the system from
deliberate attacks, either from legitimate users of
the system attempting to gain unauthorized
access and privileges, or external attackers
attempting to access or damage the system.