BLOO

STRUCTURES
AND FUNCTIONS

What is BLOOD?
Bloodis
a
combination
of
plasma (watery liquid)
and cells that float in
it.
Sugar
supplies
essential
Oxygen
To our
substances and
Hormones
Cells
nutrients

What is BLOOD?
Blood
also
contains clotting
agents.
Carries waste
away from cells

Urine
Feces
Sweat
Carbon Dioxide

What is PLASMA?
Plasmais
the
clear,
straw-colored
liquid
portion
ofbloodthat
remains
after
red
bloodcells,
whitebloodcells,plateletsand other cellular components
are removed.

BLOOD COMPONENTS

Plasma
Plasma
is
the
most
abundant
component of blood. It has a number of
functions which includes carrying
glucose which is the most important
nutrient required by each cell for
generating energy.

White Blood Cells

(leukocytes)

White blood cells contain bacterial

agents trying to penetrate into the
body. These cells which are also
known by the name of leukocytes are
formed in the stem cells of the bone
morrow and start circulating in the
body by means of blood as well as
the lymph fluid.

Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)

Also known as erythrocytes. They
are shaped like slightly indented,
flattened disks. These are the
most abundant cells, and contain
hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin is a protein which
contains iron; it transports oxygen
from the lungs to body tissues
and cells.
When hemoglobin is oxygenated
human blood is bright red.

Platelets (thrombocytes)
The platelets are the
lightest and the smallest
components of blood.
Due to their small size
they usually travel near
the walls of the vessels
carrying blood.

How blood circulate in

the body?
The heart pumps blood around
the body through blood vessels.
Oxygen-laden arterial blood is
carried from the lungs to the rest
of the body, and carbon dioxide
laden blood (venous blood) is
returned to the lungs where the
carbon dioxide is exhaled. Carbon
dioxide is a waste product
produced
by
cells
during
metabolism.

Blood cells are produced in the bone

marrow.
White cells, red cells and platelets are made in
the bone marrow - a jellylike substance that fills
the cavities of bones.
Bone marrow consists of fat, blood, and special cells (stem
cells) that turn into the various kinds of blood cells.
There are two types of marrow, red marrow and yellow
marrow. Most of our red and white blood cells, as well as
platelets are made in the red marrow.

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

 Blood is the primary means of

transport in the body that is
responsible
for
transporting
important nutrients and materials
to and from the cells and molecules
that make up our body.

It is also tasked with the job of

collecting metabolic waste from up
and down the body and take it to
the kidneys for excretion.

delivering the nutrients and glucose

generated by the organs of the
digestive system to the other parts

1.
Transportation

1.
Transportation
Blood
performs
the
important
task
of
protecting the body from
the threat of infections and
disease causing bacteria.

2. Protection

1.
Transportation
2. Protection
Blood is also a regulator of
many factors in the body.

3. Regulation

GENES AND BLOOD

TYPE

Distinct molecules called agglutinogens (a type of

antigen) are attached to the surface of red blood cells.

 Type A
The A allele codes for an enzyme that
makes the A antigen
Type B
The B allele codes for an enzyme that
makes the B antigen

A third version of this gene, the O

allele, codes for a protein that is not
functional; it makes no surface
molecules at all.

Agglutinogens
Agglutinogen is an
antigen
that
stimulates
the
production
of
a
particular agglutinin,
such as an antibody.
An agglutinin is a
substance, such as an
antibody,
that
is
capable of causing
agglutination
of
a
particular
antigen,

The table on the left shows all of the

possible combinations of blood type
alleles. The blood type for each allele
combination is shown on the right. For
example, if you inherit a B allele from
your father and an A allele from your
mother, your blood type will be AB.

 Group A - RhD negative or positive

Blood
groups

Group B - RhD negative or positive

Group AB - RhD negative or

positive
Group O - RhD negative or positive

Humans can have one

of four main blood
groups, either RhD
positive or negative:

Blood
groups

 When
conducting
a
blood
transfusion, it is important to
carefully match the donor and
recipient blood types.

There are two special blood types

when
it
comes
to
blood
transfusions.

Blood typing is especially important

during pregnancy.

REMINDER
S

 A blood transfusion is the

transfer of blood or blood
products from one person
(donor) into another person's
bloodstream (recipient).

What is blood
transfusion?

 Anemia
Iron-deficiency anemia
Anemia of chronic disease
Pernicious anemia (B12
deficiency):
Aplastic anemia:
Autoimmune hemolytic
anemia
Thalassemia:
Sickle cell anemia

Blood
Disorders

Blood Disorders
Affecting Red Blood
Cells

 Lymphoma
Leukemia
Multiple myeloma
Myelodysplastic
syndrome

Blood
Disorders

Blood Disorders
Affecting White Blood
Cells

 Thrombocytopenia
Idiopathic
thrombocytopenic
purpura
Heparin -induced
thrombocytopenia:
Thrombotic
thrombocytopenic
purpura:
Essential

Blood
Disorders
Blood Disorders
Affecting Platelets

 Sepsis
Hemophilia
von Willebrand
disease
Hypercoaguable
state
(hypercoagulable
state
Disseminated

Blood
Disorders

Blood Disorders
Affecting Blood
Plasma

What is blood pressure?

Every blood pressure reading consists of two
numbers or levels. They are shown as one number
ontop of the other.
The first (or top) number is
yoursystolicblood pressure.
It is the highest level your
blood pressure reaches when
your heart beats.

The second (or bottom) number

is yourdiastolicblood pressure.
It is the lowest level your blood
pressure reaches as your heart
relaxes between beats.

Keep your
blood
pressure low

 Track What You Eat

Avoid Salt (Sodium)
Know What to Eat

High Blood
Pressure Diet

 Grains: 7-8 daily servings (serving sizes: 1 slice of

bread, 1/2 cup cooked rice or pasta, 1 ounce dry
cereal)
Vegetables: 4-5 daily servings (1 cup raw leafy
greens, 1/2 cup cooked vegetable)
Fruits: 4-5 daily servings (1 medium fruit, 1/2 cup
fresh or frozen fruit, 1/4 cup dried fruit, 6 ounces fruit
juice)
Low-fat or fat-free dairy products: 2-3 daily servings
(8 ounces milk, 1 cup yogurt, 1.5 ounces cheese)
Lean meat, poultry, and fish: 2 or fewer servings a
day (3 ounces cooked meat, poultry, or fish)
Nuts, seeds, and legumes: 4-5 servings per week (1/3
cup nuts, 2 tablespoons seeds, 1/2 cup cooked dry
beans or peas)
Fats and oils: 2-3 daily servings (1 teaspoon
vegetable oil or soft margarine, 1 tablespoon low-fat
mayonnaise, 2 tablespoons light salad dressing)

High Blood
Pressure Diet

Dengue Fever
The dengue virus is caused by an arthropod-borne flavivirus.
The main vector is the mosquitoAedes aegypti.There are
four distinct serotypes of dengue virus (DEN1-4), which can
all cause a spectrum of disease, ranging from asymptomatic
infection to the most severe form of the disease - dengue
haemorrhagic fever (DHF)

Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is
caused by the same viruses and is
characterized by increased vascular
permeability,
hypovolaemia
and
abnormal blood clotting mechanisms.

Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever

Recognition of Dengue Haemorrhagic

Fever (DHF)
- Symptoms similar to dengue fever plus, any one of the
following:
- Severe and continuous pain in abdomen
- Bleeding from the nose, mouth and gums or skin bruising
- Frequent vomiting with or without blood
- Black stools, like coal tar
- Excessive thirst (dry mouth)
- Pale, cold skin
- Restlessness, or sleepiness

Dengue shock syndrome is defined as dengue hemorrhagic

fever plus:

- Weak rapid pulse

- Narrow pulse pressure (less than 20 mm Hg)
- Cold, clammy skin and restlessness.

THANK
YOU!

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