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Eschatology

A Study of Last Things


Prepared by Chris Reeves for the Memorial Blvd. church of Christ
Fall Quarter 2004

Hades
the realm of the dead

Mt. 11:23 the citizens of Capernaum would


be brought to the grave in death (Hades)
Mt. 16:18 death (Hades) would not keep
the church from being established
Lk. 10:15 the citizens of Capernaum would
be brought to the grave in death (Hades)
Lk. 16:23 the rich man was in the realm of
the dead (Hades)

Hades
the realm of the dead

Acts 2:27,31 Jesus body was not left in the


grave, and his soul was not left in the realm of
the dead (Hades) [see Lk. 23:43]
Rev. 1:18 Jesus resurrection gave him
power over the grave (Hades)
Rev. 6:8 the pale horse rider had authority
to put to death (Hades)
Rev. 20:13-14 the realm of the dead
(Hades) will give up its dead to stand in
judgment

* The mss used by the KJV has the Gr. word hades in 1 Cor. 15:55

Hades
the realm of the dead

A disembodied state - the soul departs from


the body at death
A conscious state the soul will have
knowledge of the past and present after death
A fixed state the soul of the dead will not be
able to change its destiny
An intermediate state the soul of the dead
will leave this realm, stand before God in
judgment, then be assigned to Heaven or Hell

Alleged Proofs of
Reincarnation

Does the8:22-30
Bible Teach
Reincarnation?
Proverbs
is a reference
to
reincarnation

No, this passage is a reference to the wisdom of


God personified (Prov. 8:1,12; see 1:20-33; 9:1-6)

John the Baptist was Elijah reincarnated

Answer: John the Baptist came in the spirit and


power of Elijah; his office and function was just like
that of Elijah (Mal. 4:5; Mt. 11:13-14; 17:1-3,9-13;
Lk. 1:17; Jn. 1:21; comp 2 K. 2:9,15)
Answer: Death is necessary in the theory of
reincarnation, but Elijah did not die (2 K. 2:11-12)

Alleged Proofs of
Reincarnation

Does the
Teach
Jesus
said,Bible
You must
beReincarnation?
born again

Answer: Jesus was talking about a spiritual rebirth


that takes place in this life in order to be come a
Christian in this life (Jn. 3:3,5; 1 Pet. 1:3,23)

According to Matthew 16:13-14, some


Israelites accepted reincarnation, having
been influenced by Eastern religion

Answer: No, they believed in a resurrection, not


reincarnation (Mk. 6:14-15)

Alleged Proofs of
Reincarnation

DoesBible
the teaches
Bible Teach
The
in the Reincarnation?
law of karma in
Exodus 20:5; John 9:1-3 and Galatians 6:7

Answer: Exodus 20:5 teaches that the


consequences of a persons sins can be passed
on to a future generation. John 9:1-3 teaches that
pain and suffering are not always directly related
to a persons sin. Galatians 6:7 teaches that
actions have temporal and eternal consequences.
One reaps what he sows in this life, and is judged
one time for what he does in this life.

Alleged Proofs of
Reincarnation

Does the
Bible
Jesus
taught
that Teach
one canReincarnation?
reach the perfect
state of nirvana

Answer: Perfect in Matthew 5:48 refers to the


complete and mature love of God love for
friends and enemies

Jesus went to India for 18 years (between


age 12 and 30) and became yogi guru of
Eastern religion

Answer: There is absolutely no historical evidence


of this (see Mt.13:54-58)

Alleged Proofs of
Reincarnation

DoesBible
the once
Biblecontained
Teach Reincarnation?
The
references to
reincarnation, but they were deleted by the
Council of Nicea in A.D. 325, and the Council
of Constantinople in A.D. 553

Answer: This is simply asserted without any


historical evidence to support it. The Council of
Nicea focused on the issue of the deity and
humanity of Christ, not on reincarnation. The
Council of 553 addressed to the teachings of
Origin, not the Bible.

The Second Coming of Christ


What Does the Bible Say?

A literal, visible, and personal return of Jesus


(Ac.1:9-11)

Classical liberalism denies Jesus literal, visible,


and personal return (see 2 Pet. 3:3-4).
Others believe Jesus is coming and attempt to set
dates (see 2 Thess. 2:2)
Others hold erroneous beliefs about Jesus
coming (see 1 Thess. 4:13-15)
Others who hold the truth have lost sight of his
coming and do not anticipate it (see 1 Thess. 5:3)

A second coming (Heb.9:28)

The Second Coming of Christ


What Does the Bible Say?

Jesus promise to return was believed by:

Himself (Jn. 14:3)


The angels (Ac.1:9-11)
New Testament Christians (1 Cor.11:26)
The Apostles (Heb.9:28)

Who is coming?

Jesus (1 Thess.4:16).
Righteous saints (1 Thess. 4:14)
Holy angels (Mt. 25:31; Lk. 9:26; 2 Thess. 1:7;
Jude 14)

The Second Coming of Christ


What Does the Bible Say?

When is he coming?

At the end of the world age (1 Cor. 15:23-24)


At a time unannounced (Mt. 25:13; 1 Thess. 5:1-3;
2 Thess. 2:1-3; 2 Pet. 3:10)

Where is he coming from, where is he


coming to?

Coming from heaven (1 Thess. 4:16)


Coming to meet the righteous in the air
(1 Thess. 4:17; Ac. 1:9-11)

The Second Coming of Christ


What Does the Bible Say?
What will happen before he comes?
Antichrists (1 Jn.2:18,22; 4:3; 2 Jn.7)
Deception (2 Thess.2:9)
Satan Loosed (Rev.20:3)
Great Wickedness (1 Tim.4:1ff)

The Second Coming of Christ


What Does the Bible Say?
What will happen when he comes?
Personally (1 Thess.4:16)
Audibly (Jn.5:28; 1 Cor.15:52; 1 Thess.4:16)
Visibly (Ac.1:9-11; 1 Thess.4:17)
Unexpectedly (Mt.24:42-44; 25:13;
1 Thess.5:1-4; 2 Pet.3:10)
Gloriously (Mt.25:31; Ac.1:9-11; Phil.3:21;
Col.3:4; 2 Thess.1:7-10)

The Second Coming of Christ


What Does the Bible Say?
What will happen after he comes?
One Resurrection Both the Wicked and
Righteous (Jn.5:28-29; Ac.24:15; Rev. 20:11-15)
One Change in the Body (1 Cor.15:50-54;
Phil.3:21; Col.3:4; 1 Jn.3:2-3)
One Reunion of the Righteous
(1 Thess.4:16-17)
One Deliverance of the Kingdom
(1 Cor.15:24)

The Second Coming of Christ


What Does the Bible Say?
What will happen after he comes?

One Destruction of the Earth (Heb. 1:11; 2 Pet.3:1012; Rev.20:11; 21:1)


One Judgment Day for All Mankind (Mt.25:31-46;
Jn.5:29; 12:48; Ac.17:31; Rom. 2:16; 1 Cor. 4:5; 2
Thess. 2:8-10; Heb.9:28; Rev.20:12-13). A Day Of

Separation (Mt.25:32-33)
Examination (2 Cor.5:10; Rev.22:12)
Vindication (2 Pet.3:3ff; cf. Rev.6:9-11)
Allocation (Mt.25:34,41,46; Jn.5:29; Rom.2:4-11)

The Second Coming of Christ


What Does the Bible Say?
What will happen after he comes?
One New Order (2 Pet.3:13; Rev.21-22)

The Second Coming of Christ


What Does the Bible Say?

Are you just passing the time, or are you waiting


for Jesus (Heb.9:28)?
Jesus second coming what difference does it
make?

We have comfort and hope (1 Thess.4:17-18;


5:10-11; Tit.2:13; 1 Jn.3:3)
We have an incentive to godly living
Thess.1:10-12; 2 Tim.4:7-8; Tit.2:11-14;
Pet.3:11-13; 1 Jn.3:2-3)

(2
2

The Resurrection
What Does the Bible Say?

The Old Testament introduces the concept of a


resurrection

God implied it (Exodus 3:6; Mt. 22:23-33)


Abraham believed it (Heb. 11:19)
Job believed it (Job 14:14; 19:25-27)
David believed it (Psa. 16:8-11; Acts 2:30-31)

The Resurrection
What Does the Bible Say?

Resurrection (Gr. anastastis = a raising up) in the


NT refers primarily to the rising up of the dead
(except Lk. 2:34). There are five uses
1. Resurrection of Jesus (Mt. 27:53; Ac. 1:22; 2:31;
4:33; 26:23; Rom. 1:4; 1 Cor. 15:20-21; 1 Pet. 1:3)
2. Resurrection of all mankind (Ac. 4:2; 17:18,32; 1
Cor. 6:14; Phil. 3:10-11)
3. Resurrection (likeness) from the death of sin (Rom.
6:5; 1 Pet. 3:21; Eph. 2:5-6; 5:14; Col. 2:12; 3:1)
4. Resurrection miracle (Mt. 11:5; 27:52; Heb. 11:35)
5. Resurrection (triumph) over evil (Rev. 20:5-6)

The Resurrection
What Does the Bible Say?

Errors regarding the resurrection from the dead

There is no resurrection (Mt. 22:23-31; Mk. 12:1823; Lk. 20:27-36; Ac. 17:18,32; 23:6-8)
Jesus was not resurrected (1 Cor. 15:12-13)
The resurrection is past already (2 Tim. 2:18)
Modern errors on the resurrection are many

No resurrection at all (atheism, liberal theology)


Resurrection of the soul only (ancient Greeks)
Resurrection (recreating) of the body and the soul
(J.W.s)
Three or more resurrections (premillenialism)

The Resurrection
What Does the Bible Say?

There will be a recompense (reward) at the


resurrection of the just (Lk. 14:14)
The righteous are sons of God, sons of the
resurrection (Lk. 20:36)
There is one resurrection of both the good
and the evil with two rewards, life and
judgment (Jn. 5:29; Ac. 24:15,21)*
Jesus makes the resurrection possible for all
mankind (Jn. 11:24-25; 1 Pet. 1:3)

* W.E. Vine refers to the first part and second part of these verses in order to have
two resurrections separated by 1000 years (page 531)

The Resurrection
What Does the Bible Say?

The resurrection will be in the last day at


the end at the last trumpet (Jn. 6:39-54;
11:24; 1 Cor. 15:23-24,52)
A resurrection body will be given to all the
righteous (1 Cor. 15:35-54)

Incorruptible (v.42)
Glorious (v.43)
Powerful (v.43)
Spiritual (vv.44-46)
Heavenly (vv.47-49; see 2 Cor. 5:1-4; Phil. 3:21)
Changed (vv.50-52)
Immortal (vv.53-54)

The Resurrection
What Does the Bible Say?

The righteous dead will be raised to join the


righteous living in the air with Jesus
(1 Thess. 4:14-16)
The resurrection of the dead is a doctrine of
first principles (Heb. 6:1-2)

The Destruction
of the Heavens and Earth

Some say the earth will not be destroyed

The material universe is eternal (evolutionist)


The earth will become a restored paradise for the
righteous (J.W., Mormon, S.D.A, Assembly of God,
etc.)
Jesus will reign on the earth in Jerusalem for 1000
years before destroying it (Baptist, Methodist,
some Churches of Christ, etc.)

However, the earth will be destroyed


(Psa. 102:25-26; Heb. 1:10-12; 2 Pet. 3:10-12)

The Destruction
of the Heavens and Earth
What Did Peter Say?

The heavens sky and space (v.12; Gen. 1:8,17,20)


Shall pass away (Mt. 24:35)
With a great noise the noise of burning
And the elements basic components of the material
universe (v. 12; Gal. 4:3,9; Col. 2:8,20; Heb. 5:12)
Shall be dissolved (melt in the KJV) means to
loosen, undo, break up (v.11,12)
With fervent heat the heat of fire (v.7)
And the earth the same earth God created
(2 Pet. 3:5-7)

The Destruction
of the Heavens and Earth
What Did Peter Say?

And the works that are therein (1 Jn. 2:17)


Shall be burned up complete consumption (Gr.
katakaio) (Mt. 3:12; 13:30,40; Lk. 3:17; Ac. 19:19; 1
Cor. 3:15; Heb. 13:11; 2 Pet. 3:10; Rev. 8:7; 17:16;
18:8) (Note: other versions have discovered, laid
bare, etc., based on the Gr. heurethesetai found in
some ancient manuscripts)
New heavens and a new earth new in quality; a
new order of life (Gr. kainos)

The New Heavens and


The New Heavens
and New
Earth
New
Earth

It Is Not
A renovated, revamped or restored earth
It Is
A promise of a new order for saints in Christ
(Isa.
51:4-6; 65:17; 66:22) There is a newness for all
men in Christ (2 Cor. 5:17; Rom. 6:4; 7:6; Gal. 6:15;
Eph. 2:15; 4:24; Col. 3:10) The old order was the
Jews separated from the Gentiles; it was done away
at Christs first coming
A promise of a new order for saints only in heaven
(2 Pet. 3:13; Rev. 20:11; 21:1) There will be a
new life for saints in heaven (Rev. 2:17; 3:12; 5:9;
14:3; 21:5) The old order is the life of all saints and
sinners together on the earth; it will be done away at
Christs second coming

Attacks on the Bible Doctrine


of Hell

Downatoms only;
MaterialismHell
manWatered
is made of material
no spirit; thus, no heaven or hell after death
(c.
5th Century B.C.)
Universalism all men find themselves ultimately in
an eternal state of bliss (c. 2 nd Century A.D.)
Annihilationism the wicked pass into nonexistence
either at death or the resurrection
( c. 4th Century A.D.)
Conditionalism the belief that only the souls of the
righteous will be given an immortal body
(c.
12th Century A.D.)
Humanism the belief that hell is a useless fable (c.
17th Century)

Hell: Eternal Punishment for


the Lost

Why study hell?

It is a Bible topic
It is a misunderstood topic
It is an unpopular topic
It is a neglected topic
It is a rejected topic
It is a topic of jokes

Jesus had more to say on hell (Gr. gehenna),


than anyone in the New Testament!

Hell: Eternal Punishment for


Why will there be
a hell?
the
Lost

Some say, An all-loving God would not send


people to hell
True, but Gods love does not exclude punishment
andWhen
wrath (Jn.
3:16,36)
some
men fail to reconcile the

Remember
Saviors love with his doctrine of Hell,
God is a
Goddrop
of holiness
they
one of (Hab.
them 1:13)
Hell

God is a God of justice (Gen. 18:25;


2 Thess. 1:5-9)
(Herbert
Lockyer, Everything Jesus Taught,
God is a God of wrath
page(Rom.
493) 2:5-9; Rev. 14:10)
God is a God of vengeance (2 Thess. 1:8)
God is a God of indignation (Rom. 2:7;
Heb. 10:27; Rev. 14:10)

Hell: Eternal Punishment for


the Lost
What is hell like?

The KJV uses hell for the Hebrew word sheol,


and the Greek words hades, gehenna and
tartaros.
Hell (the place of final punishment) is from the
Gr. gehenna, referring to the valley of Hinnom, SE
of Jerusalem (Josh 15:8; 18:16; Neh. 11:30;
2 K. 23:10; 2 Chron. 28:3; 33:6; Jer. 7:32; 19:6,11;
31:40)
Gehenna is found 12 times in the NT:
Mt.
5:22,29,30; 10:28; 18:9; 23:15,33; Mk. 9:43,45,47;
Lk. 12:5; Jas. 3:6

Hell: Eternal Punishment for


the Lost
What is hell like?

Lake that burns with fire and brimstone


(Mt. 5:22; 13:42,50; 18:9; Jas. 3:6; Rev. 14:10;
19:20; 20:10,14; 21:8)
Both soul and body punished (Mt. 5:29-30; 10:28;
Mk. 9:43-47; Lk. 12:4-5)
Weeping and gnashing of teeth (Mt. 8:12;
13:42,50; 22:13; 24:51; 25:30; Lk. 13:28)
Judgment (Mt. 23:33; Jn. 5:29; Heb. 10:27)
Outer darkness (Mt. 8:12; 22:13; 25:30;
2 Pet. 2:17; Jude 13)

Hell: Eternal Punishment for


the Lost
What is hell like?

Punishment (Mt. 25:46; 1 Tim. 6:9; Heb. 10:28-29;


Jude 7)
Suffering and torment (Rom. 2:5-9,12; 2 Thess.
1:9; Rev. 14:10-11; 21:8)
Second death (Rev. 2:11; 20:6,14; 21:8; death is
separation; note the teaching of separation in
these verses: Mt. 5:29; 7:23; 8:12; 13:42; 25:46;
Lk. 13:28; 2 Thess. 1:9; Rev. 22:15)

Hell: Eternal Punishment for


the Lost

Who will go to hell?

Workers of iniquity (Mt. 7:13-14; 21-23; 13:41;


Lk. 13:27)
The wicked (Mt. 13:49)
The devil and his angels (Mt. 25:41; 2 Pet. 2:4; Jude
6; Rev. 20:10)
Those who stumble or cause stumbling (Mt. 5:29;
13:41; Mk. 9:42-48)
(Unfaithful) sons of the kingdom (Mt. 8:12; Lk. 13:28)

Hell: Eternal Punishment for


the Lost
Who will go to hell?

Unprepared, unproductive (unprofitable) and


uncharitable (Mt. 22:13-14; 24:36 25:46)
Hypocrites (Mt. 24:51; 23:15,33)
Rich misers (Lk. 16:19-31)
Those who obey not the gospel (2 Thess. 1:8)
Brethren who sin willfully (Heb. 10:26-31)
Sins of the tongue (Jas. 3:6)
Apostate believers, backsliders (2 Peter 2:13,17)

Hell: Eternal Punishment for


the Lost
Who will go to hell?

All who follow the devil (1 Jn. 3:8,10; Rev. 19:20;


20:10)
All people not in the book of life (Rev. 20:15)
Fearful and unbelievers (Rev. 21:8)
Immoral (Rev. 21:8,27; 22:15)

Hell: Eternal Punishment for


the Lost

How long will hell last?

Eternal fire (Mt. 18:8; 25:47)


Eternal punishment (Mt. 25:46)
Unquenchable fire (Mk. 9:43,48; Mt. 3:12; Lk. 3:17)
The worm dies not (Mk. 9:48; see Isa. 66:24)
Eternal destruction (2 Thess. 1:9)
Eternal judgment (Heb. 6:2)
Eternal fire (Jude 7)

Hell: Eternal Punishment for


the Lost

How long will hell last?

The smoke of their torment goes up for ever and


ever (Rev. 14:11; 20:10)
No rest day and night (Rev. 14:11)
Hell will last as long as Heaven will last
***
Matthew 25:41,46
***
Revelation 4:8; 7:15; 14:11; 20:10; 22:5

Hell: Eternal Punishment for


the
Lost
Not all believe that hell
is eternal

Denominations: J.W.s, S.D.A., Christian Science, Church


of England, Unitarian Church, W.W.C.G., etc.
Some brethren
Jesse B. Ferguson (Spirit Communion, 1854)
Edward Fudge (The Fire That Consumes, 1982; Two
Views of Hell, 2000)
Curtis Dickson (What the Bible Teaches About
Immortality and Future Punishment, 1984)
Samuel G. Dawson (Jesus Teaching on Hell, 1996)
Dyrel Collins (Immortality: Only in Christ, 2002)
F. LaGard Smith (Afterlife, 2003)
Homer Hailey (Gods Judgments and Punishments,
2003)

Hell: Eternal Punishment for


the Lost

Arguments
Destroy Answering
(Mt. 10:28), destruction
(2 Thess. 1:9)
and punishment (Gr. kolasis) mean extinction or
annihilation

Destroy (Gr. appolumi) and destruction (Gr.


olethros) mean ruin, or loss of well-being, but not
annihilation (Lk. 9:24; 15:4,24; 1 Cor. 5:5);
punishment is torture and is on-going (2 Pet. 2:9)

Eternal refers to the effectual, final consequence


or result of judgment, not the duration of judgment

Eternal (Gr. aion) can refer to an indefinite period


of time (time without end) when modified by words
like for ever and ever (Rev. 20:10; 22:5)

Hell: Eternal Punishment for


the Lost

Arguments
Man doesAnswering
not inherently
have an immortal soul.
Both the soul and body cease to exist at death.
Only the righteous are given an immortal soul and
body in the resurrection.

All men have an immortal soul now (Mt. 17:1-9;


22:23-33; Lk. 16:19-31; 23:43; 2 Cor. 4:16 5:10)

Hell: Eternal Punishment for


the LostWhat Can We Do?

Fear hell (Mt. 10:28; Heb. 10:31)


Sacrifice whatever to avoid hell (Mt. 5:29-30)
Warn against hell as Jesus did (Lk. 12:5)
Try to save others from the fires of hell
(Jude 22-23)
Dont try to escape hell unprepared
(Mt. 23:33)

The Bible vs. Premillennialism

Premillennial
Theory

7 Year
Tribulation
of Mt. 24

1 st R e
su
& Com rrection
ing

Earthly
Cross Kingdom
Jesus
Not
Failed
Postponed
Planned Church
Substituted

Saints
Secretly
Raptured
Wicked
Remain

1000 Yr. Reign of Christ


on Earth in Jerusalem
with Living Saints
Armageddon
2nd Resurrection
& Coming
Saints Judged
Kingdom Established

Wicked
in Hell

Re
s
& C urrec
ti
o
(W ming on
icke
d)

Spiritual
Jesus Cross Kingdom
Failed Planned Established
Not Ac. 2:23 Church
Planned
Psa. 2:6
Mt. 16:18-19
Jn. 17:4
Eph. 3:10-11

1 Resurrection, 1 Judgment Day, 2nd Coming


Jn. 5:28-29; Acts 24;15; Heb. 9:27-28
Mt. 24:34
Armageddon
Fulfilled
Past (Rev. 16:16)
Saints in
in A.D. 70
Kingdom Already
Heaven
No Rapture
Est. (Col. 1:13)
of Saints
Christ Reigns in Heaven Now
Only
with Dead Saints
1 Thess. 4:17
Ac. 2:36; Rev. 3:7,21; 20:4,6

3 rd

Bible
Truth

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