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Fluidization
Minimum Fluidization
Void Fraction
Superficial Velocity
Fluidization
Fluid Bed
Particles
mean particle size, Angular
Shape Factor
Void fraction = 0.4 (bulk density)
Fluidization
Regimes
Fluidization Regimes
Packed Bed
Minimum Fluidization
Bubbling Fluidization
Slugging (in some cases)
Turbulent Fluidization
Minimum Fluidization
Bed Void Fraction at Minimum Fluidization
Overlap of phenomenon
Kinetics
Depend upon solid content in bed
Mass Transfer
Depends upon particle Re number
Heat Transfer
Depends upon solid content in bed and gas Re
Fluid Dynamics
Fluidization function of particle Re
Particle elution rate terminal settling rate vs gas
velocity
Distribution Plate Design to prevent channeling
Packed Bed
Pressure Drop
vo 1
P v o LR
Dp
3
150 ( 1 )
Dp
1.75 v o
110
ft
110
P v
110
psi
100
10
0.2
0.4
0.6
v
0.8
Dp S g
3
2
15 ( 1 ) v o Dp
1.75 v o Dp
ft 0.8
f vo
mf
f vR
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
50 1 f v o
vo
0.4
Gmf
ft
s
vR
ft
s
vo
150 ( 1 )
ft
P f vo
Pressure Drop (psi)
60
psi
P mf
40
psi
P f vR
20
psi
0
0.2
vo
0.4
Gmf
ft
s
vR
ft
s
Bubble Caps
Advantages
Weeping is reduced or totally avoided
Sbc controls weeping
Disadvantages
Expensive
Difficult to avoid stagnant regions
More subject to bubble coalescence
Difficult to clean
Difficult to modify
Particle Terminal
Setting Velocity
Dp
S g
9
Term
inal SettlingV
elocity(ft/s)
vt
4 g Dp S
3 f
Gas Velocity
50
100
150
200
Cyclone
Used to capture
eluted particles and
return to fluid bed
Design to capture
most of eluted
particles
Pressure Drop
P i( V) 0.24 V
Big particles
Cyclone Equations
Cyclone Design
Perry's HB 5th ed,
+7th
ed,
17-28
Inlet Velocity as a function of
Cyclone Size
QR
Vin Dc
2
Dc
Dc = Cyclone diameter
D50 Dc
Dc
4
N Vin Dc Vin Dc Si
Dc
D
50
4 2
N Vi
Diameter where
50% leave, 50%
captured
1
D50
Dc
N Vin S
Cyclone Diameter(ft)
D
SS( D) 1 exp 0.693
D50
3.12
Size Selectivity
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
20
40
Particle Diameter (microns)
24 in cyclone
14 in cyclone
D50 for 24 in Cyclone
20 in cyclone
Diameter of Eluted Particles
60
Mass Transfer
Particle Mass Transfer
Sh= KMTD/DAB = 2.0 + 0.6 Re1/2 Sc1/3
Gas flow
Particles influence turbulence
Particles may shorten BL
Particles may be inert to MT
Heat Transfer
Particle Heat Transfer
Nu= hD/k = 2.0 + 0.6 Re1/2 Pr1/3