TOPIC

NETWORK
OPERATING SYSTEM
(NOS)
By : Miss Anita A/P Supramaniam

What is a Server?

SERVER
A server is a program (or
collection
of
cooperating
programs)
that
provides
services and/or manages
resources on the behalf of
other programs (its clients).
A computer or computer
program
that
manages
access to a centralized
resource or service in a
A server is acomputerthat
network. providesdatato
other computers. Itis a computer designed to
process requests and deliver data to other
(client) computers on a local area network (LAN)
or a wide area network (WAN) over the Internet

FUNCTION SERVER

server is a computer system that

provides a centralized service in a
computer network.

Server

are supported by a durable

processors and large RAM, also
equipped with a special operating
system, referred to as the network
operating system.

Cont..

Computer server is to store, retrieve

and send computer files and data to

other computers on a network.

The

server can also serve as a

firewall. It is very important in a
network that connects to the
external network such as the
Internet.

Server

can serve to restrict and

prevent extensions to be damaging
and theft of data.

Database Server
: store data only

PRINT SERVER :
control one or more printer

FILE SERVER :
Store Software and data

FAX SERVER :
Manage the sending and receiving fax

MAIL SERVER
: Managing e-mail

What is a Client?

Client
A system that uses remote
services from a server.
A client is a piece of
computer
hardware
or
software that accesses a
service made available by a
server.

A computer network in which one centralized,

powerful computer (called the server) is a hub
to which many less powerful personal
computers or workstations (called clients) are

SERVER-CLIENT

SERVER

CLIENT

Providing services to
the client

Received a request
from the user (user)

Computer systems
that share resources
such as data,
printers, data storage
devices and other other.

Initiate
communication with
the server for the
purpose resource
utilization

Types of Network Operating

System

PEER TO PEER (P2P)

P2P

is a type of network architecture composed

of contributors that make a part of their
resources available to other contributors on the
same network without the need for a server to
oversee the transfer of information
The client in the P2P model is both the supplier
and consumer
Peer-to-peer network operating system
users are allowed to share resources and files
located on their computers and access shared
resources from others
A peer-to-peer network sets all connected
computers equal
They all share the same abilities to use resources
available on the network

Cont..

Advantage
s

Disadvanta
ges

and simple to set up

only requiring a hub or a
switch
to
connect
all
computers together.

No central location for storage.

Easy

Less

hardware needed,
server
needs
to
purchased.

no
be

You

can access any file on

the computer as-long as it is
set to a shared folder.

If one computer fails to work

all the other computers

connected to it still continue
to work.

Security is not good other than

setting passwords for files that
you don't want people to
access.

If

the connections are not

connected to the computers
properly then there can be
problems accessing certain
files.
It does not run efficient if you
have many computers, it is
best to used two to eight
computers

Client/Server

Client/Server Network Operating Systems

can be based on aclient/serverarchitecture in
which aserverenables multiple clients to
share resources. Client/server network
operating systems allow the network to
centralize functions and applications in one or
more dedicated file servers. The server is the
center of the system, allowing access to
resources and instituting security.

Cont..

Client
Program

Server
Program
Services

Client Computer

Server Computer

ges

Centralized servers are more

stable.
Security is provided through the
server. you can have passwords
to own individual profiles so that
nobody can access anything
when they want.
server can control the access and
resources better to guarantee
that only those clients with the
appropriate permissions may
access and change data.
New technology and hardware
can be easily integrated into the
system.
Servers are able to be accessed
remotely from different locations
and types of systems.
All the data is stored onto the
servers which generally have far

More expensive. Cost of

buying,
start
up
and
running a server are high.
Dependence on a central
location
for
operation.
When the server goes down
or
crashes
all
the
computers connected to it
become unavailable to use
Requires
regular
maintenance and updates.
When you expend the
server it starts to slow down
due to the Bit rate per
second.
When everyone tries to do
the same thing it takes a
little while for the server to
do certain tasks.

Examples
PEER-TOPEER

Bittorrent
Napster and

Gnutella
Windows for
Workgroups
AppleShare

CLIENT/SERV
ER

Windows Server
Linux Server
Mac OS X
Server

CLIENTS SERVER vs PEER-TO-PEER

INTRODUCTION
Network Operating System

(NOS)
Network Operating System runs on a
server and provides server the
capability to manage data, users,
groups, security, applications,
and other networking functions.
Purpose of the NOS is to allow
shared file and printer access
among multiple computers in a
.
Includes specialnetwork
functions
for
connecting computers and
devices
into
a
local-area
network (LAN) or Inter-network..

Overview of NOS Characteristics

Network operating systems (NOSs)

distribute their functions over a
number of networked computers.
It then adds functions that allow
access to shared resources by a
number of users concurrently.
NOS computers take on specialized
roles to accomplish concurrent
access to shared resources.
Client systems contain specialized
software that allows them to
request shared resources that are
controlled by server systems
responding to a client request.

Differences Between
PC & NOS
NOS

PC

NOS supports multiple user Although a number of

accounts at the same time
users may have
and
enables
concurrent
accounts on a PC, only
access to shared resources
a single account is
by
multiple
clients
active on the system at
(multitasking and multiuser
any given time.
environment).

Classification of NOS
Multiuser

Multiuser is one that can be used by more

than one user. The system provides an
environment in which many users can use
the system at the same or different times.

Multiprocessing

Multiprocessing that have two or more

CPU in a single operating system. If one
CPU fail, then other CPU is used for
providing backup to the first CPU. We can
execute many jobs at a time.

Multitasking

A NOS server is a multitasking system

.They are capable of executing multiple
tasks or processes in parallel by assigning
each task to a different processor same
time.

Multiprocessor

The aggregate amount of work that the

server
can perform in a given time is greatly
enhanced in multiprocessor systems.

Choosing a NOS

The main features to consider when

selecting a NOS include:

Performance
Management and monitoring tools
Security
Scalability
Robustness/fault tolerance

Types of NOS
It is important to know the

basics about popular NOS

families.
Many networks now include
more than one server type,
and knowing how to get these
diverse systems to
interoperate is an important
skill for a network
administrator.
Operating systems on the
network have their own
language.
Different NOS vendors use the
same terms in different ways.

HISTORY OF
NETWORK
OPERATING
SERVER (NOS)

Windows , Linux & Server

What is Window Server?

Windows Server

Windows Server is a group of operating systems designed by

Microsoft that supports :-

enterprise-level management
data storage
Applications
communications.

A series of server operating systems developed by Microsoft

Corporation.

Windows servers are more powerful versions of their desktop

operating system counterparts and are designed to more efficiently
handle :-

corporate networking
Internet/intranet hosting
Databases
enterprise-scale messaging and similar functions.

Cont..

Previous

versions of Windows Server have

focused on
Stability
Security,
Networking
various improvements to the file system.
Its also include improvements to deployment
technologies, as well as increased hardware
support.
Microsoft has also created specialized SKUs of
Windows Server that focus on the home and
small business markets.
Windows Server2012R2 is the latest release of
Windows Server, and focuses on cloud
computing.

Versions of Windows Server

Windows Server 2012 R2

Windows Server 2012
Windows Server 2008 R2
Windows Server 2008
Windows Server 2003 R2
Windows Server 2003
Windows Server 2000
Windows NT 4.0
Windows NT 3.51
Windows NT 3.5
Windows NT 3.1

Windows
NT 3.1

Cont..

1993: Windows NT
3.1
The release to manufacturing of Microsoft
Windows NT on July 27, 1993, marked an
important milestone for Microsoft.

It completed a project Microsoft began in the

late 1980s to build an advanced new operating
system from scratch.

"Windows NT represents nothing less than a

fundamental change in the way that companies can

address their business computing requirements,"
Microsoft Chairman Bill Gates said at its release.

Cont..

1993: Windows NT 3.1

Windows NT was the first Windows operating system to

combine support for high-end client/server business
applications with the industry's leading personal productivity
applications.

The operating system broke new ground in security, operating

system power, performance, desktop scalability, and
reliability with a range of key new features.

These included a pre-emptive multitasking scheduler for

Windows-based applications, integrated networking, domain
server security, OS/2 and POSIX subsystems, support for
multiple processor architectures, and the NTFS file system.

Cont..

Supported the OpenGL graphics

standard, which helped power highend applications for

software development
Engineering
financial analysis
Scientific
business-critical tasks.

Its provided the highest degree of

protection yet for critical business
applications and data.

The product also offered 32-bit

performance improvements, better
application
support,
including
support for NetWare file and print
servers, and improved productivity
features, such as the capability to
give files 255-character names.

Windows
NT 3.5

1996:

Windows NT
Workstation 4.0

This upgrade to Microsoft's business

desktop operating system brought
increased ease of use and simplified
management, higher network
throughput, and a complete set of
tools for developing and managing
intranets.

Windows NT Workstation 4.0 included

the popular Windows 95 user interface
and improved networking support,
providing secure, easy access to the
Internet and corporate intranets.

In October 1998, Microsoft announced

that Windows NT would no longer
carry the initials NT," and that the
next major version of the operating
system would be called Windows 2000.

Windows
Server 2000
The Windows 2000 product line consists of four products:
I.Windows 2000 Professional, aimed at individuals and

businesses of all sizes. It includes security and mobile use

enhancements. It is the most economical choice.
II.
Windows 2000 Server, aimed at small-to-medium size
businesses. It can function as a Web server and/or a workgroup
(or branch office) server.
III.
Windows 2000 Advanced Server, aimed at being a network
operating system server and/or an application server, including
those involving largedatabases.
IV.
Windows 2000 Datacenter Server, designed for large
data warehouses, online transaction processing (OLTP),
econometric analysis, and other applications requiring highspeed computation and large databases.
Windows 2000 is reported to be more stable (less apt to crash)
than Windows 98/NT systems.
A significant new feature is Microsoft'sActive Directory, which,
among other capabilities, enables a company to set up
virtual private networks, to encrypt data locally or on the
network, and to give users access to shared files in a consistent
way from any network computer.

This was first published inNovember 2008

Windows
Server 2003

IIS 6.0
Software Update Services
Group Policy Management Console
Automated System Recovery
Shadow Copies of Shared Folders

Windows Server
2008

Technology Investment Areas

Virtualization

Management
Power Management

Hyper-V 2.0

AD Administrative Center

Live Migration
Remote Desktop
Services

Web
IIS 7.5 & Integrated
Extensions

Server Migration Portal

.NET on Server Core

PowerShell 2.0

Configuration Tracing

Best Practices Analyzer

Service-Oriented
Architecture

Solid Foundation for Enterprise Workloads

Scalability
>256 Core Support
Componentization

Better Together with Windows

7
Direct Access
Branch Cache
AppLocker
Enhanced Group Policies
BitLocker on Removable Drives

Windows Server 2003

Out-of-band installer for
RMS Server (v1, v1 SP1,
v1 SP2)
AD RMS Trust
TUD, WLID

Client
Out-of-band installer for
RMS Client (v1, v1 SP1, v1
SP2) on Windows XP and
WS2003

Microsoft Solutions
Office 2003 (Outlook,
Word, Excel, PowerPoint)
Internet Explorer Add-On
(RMA)

Windows Server 2008

AD RMS server role (v2)
AD RMS Trust
AD FS federation support
Improved installation and
mgmt
AD RMS template distribution
(Vista SP1 and above)
Admin reports
Different admin roles

Client
AD RMS client integrated in
Windows Vista and WS2008

Microsoft Solutions
Windows Mobile 6 integration
Office 2007 (+InfoPath)
XPS Viewer
SharePoint 2007 (Doc libraries)
Exchange 2007 SP1
(Prelicensing)

Windows Server 2008

R2
AD RMS server role (v3)
AD RMS Trust
Publishing org (internal)
group support for
federated users
Improved installation and
mgmt through PowerShell
Additional admin reports

Client
AD RMS client integrated in
Windows 7 and WS2008 R2

Microsoft Solutions
Exchange 2010
AD RMS Bulk Protection
Tool
WS2008 R2 FCI integration

Partner Solutions

Partner Solutions
PDF and other file formats & Blackberry support Gigatrust,
Liquid Machines
CAD file format - Dassault Systems
Classification - Titus Labs
Secure Content Mgmt - Workshare

RSA DLP
PDF solution - Foxit
Secure Content Mgmt
OpenText

* Each consecutive release on this slide includes features from the prior re

Windows Server
2012

What is Linux Server

A Linux server is a highpowered variant of the Linux
open source operating system
that's designed to handle the
more demanding needs of
business applications such as
network and system
administration, database
management and Web services.
Linux servers are frequently
selected over other server
operating systems for their
stability, security and flexibility
advantages.

Linux Server Distributions

The following are the TOP 10 Linux
Distributions of 2015 according
serverwatch.com:

Ubuntu Server
Red Hat Enterprise Linux
Suse Linux Enterprise Server
CentOS
Debian

Slackware
Oracle Linux
Mageia/Mandriva

NetWare
The NetWare NOS consists

of server and client

applications. The client
application is designed to
run on a variety of client
operating systems.
The server application can
be accessed by client
users from computers
running MS-DOS, Microsoft
Windows (versions 3.x, 95,
and 98, and Windows NT),
OS/2, AppleTalk, or UNIX.

 UNIX / LINUX
- Ubuntu
Server

PERISIAN SISTEM OPERASI RANGKAIAN (NOS)

UNIX / LINUX
- Debian

PERISIAN SISTEM OPERASI RANGKAIAN (NOS)

UNIX / LINUX
- Samba

Windows Server and Linux

Server

Which NOS is best for your business?

Windows

Microsoft products are regarded as the

standard option for most businesses.

Most IT admins are comfortable using
either Windows Server 2008 and 2012.
According to Microsoft's website, 2008's
mainstream support will end in 2015, with
extended support ending in 2020.
Cost is also an important factor; license
fees are expensive. The more employees
you have, the more expensive it will
become.

Linux

You can download, modify it and re-

distribute it without spending any money.

Linux itself is not a complete operating
system (it is just a kernel) and requires an
additional set of software to be bundled
with it.
SUSE is popular with the enterprise
market
Linux is installed on over 95% of the
world's best supercomputers
demonstrating that it is the fastest
performing OS with the smallest resource
footprint.

Cont..

Linux distributions also offer

alternatives to popular Microsoft

products such as Microsoft Exchange
If you already use Microsoft and are
looking to migrate to Linux in stages,
SUSE (for example) is compatible with
Active Directory, Exchange, SharePoint
and Novell GroupWise.
Recently, SUSE partnered with Microsoft
to enable Hyper-V node management
using SUSE Cloud, allowing you to run a
mixed environment where required.

Windows and Linux

Final Word:

Selecting
the
right
platform
is
important for the health of your
business. It's worth building a test
system running your preferred OS so
you can spot any issues and check
security and performance prior to
going live, with minimal disruption for
your users.

David Barker is the technical director of 4D Data Centres

Mac OS X Server 1.0 (Rhapsody)

Mac OS X Server 10.0 (Cheetah Server)
Mac OS X Server 10.1 (Puma Server)
Mac OS X Server 10.2 (Jaguar Server)
Mac OS X Server 10.3 (Panther Server)
Mac OS X Server 10.4 (Tiger Server)
Mac OS X Server 10.5 (Leopard Server)
Mac OS X Server 10.6 (Snow Leopard Server)
Mac OS X 10.7 (Lion Server)
OS X 10.8 (Mountain Lion Server)
OS X 10.9 (Mavericks Server)
OS X 10.10 (Yosemite Server 4.0)

Server Apple

BASIC EQUIPMENT OF
NETWORK ENVIRONMENT

The most essential networking hardware

devices for us to learn about are:

Cables
NICs
Hubs
Switches
Routers

WIRE MEDIA

Media Bandwidth

Now up to 1000Mbps = 1Gbps

NIC a Network Interface Card

Every networked device must have a NIC

Most laptops today have both a wired NIC and a wireless

NIC

Each NIC has an IP address (its logical address)

and a physical address called a MAC address.

Each NIC is given an address at the factory that is the

devices physical address or MAC address.

No two NIC devices will ever have the same MAC address.

IP addresses allow routers to route a message across

different networks

when a message reaches the correct destination network,

the correct NIC is identified via its MAC address.

MAC Addresses are used within a LAN

Hubs

A hub is a networking component

that into

which you can plug in

multiplenetwork
devices

Connect computers, printers, scanners, etc.

Anytime a connected device sends a

network message, the hub forwards the

message to all other connected devices
(not just the intended recipient!)

Unintended recipients should ignore bogus

network traffic (akin to screening
telephone calls)

Creates opportunities for deviant packet

sniffers

Hub can only deal with one message at

a time, since it is broadcast over all
connections

Bridges
Layer 2 device
Splits network into 2

collision/bandwidth
domains
Broadcasts are
forwarded
Local traffic stays local
Checks Layer 2 MAC
addresses in 802.3
frame

Switches

A switch is a network
device which directs traffic
only to its intended
destination(s) rather than
to all devices on the
network.

sometimes referred to as an
intelligent hub

Layer 2 device
Provide a dedicated
Learns MAC addresses of
connection between
devices attached to each port
Each switch port is a collision individual devices
domain
multiple devices can send
More collision domains BUT
data at once
smaller collision domains
Broadcasts still sent out of
every port
Each switchport has dedicated
bandwidth
100% bandwidth available

A Network Switch
Switch receives
data
and sends
it back out

Switch

Switch sends
signal out to a
single Port

Station A
Transmits
to Station C

Station
A

Station
B

Station
C

Station
D

Switches

Consider packing sniffing software threat for

people who share a hub and have not activated

network encryption

Data sent in the clear means it has not been

encrypted, and therefore is vulnerable to
eavesdropping via a hub

As the prices for switches have dropped

tremendously over time, most companies have

replaced hubs with switches

Switch protects from eavesdropping by sending

data on the LAN only to the intended recipient

Routers
Different networks connect via routers (not switches or hubs)
Routers even connect networks based on different protocols, which is
important since not all networks use the same protocol.

Network X
Switches

Routers

Network Z
Switches

Gateway router

When your computer needs to contact a

computer that is not within the immediate

network (i.e., your LAN), then your computers
networking software is configured to send the
request to a particular router called a:

Default Gateway, or
Gateway router

For each of us, the most noteworthy role of the

gateway router is to connect your computers

LAN to your ISPs larger network so that your
computer accesses the Internet
Therefore, a gateway router is your computers
onramp to the Internet.

Standard networking protocols (communications

standards)

The committee that addresses LAN standards is

called the IEEE 802 Committee.

Ethernet is a particular protocol published by

this committee as their 802.3 protocol.

Thus, IEEE LAN protocols always start with the number

802.

Ethernet (802.3) is the worlds #1 standard wiredLAN protocol

There are other protocols besides Ethernet, but it is
dominant

Most PCs NICs support 10/100/1000 Mbps

Ethernet.

Packet switching
The Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) standard transmits

data in little chunks called packets

Break long messages into short packets

Keeps one user from hogging a line

Each packet often takes a different route

Each packet is tagged with where its going

Route each packet separately

Packets often arrive out of order
Receiver must reconstruct original message

Basic web networking scenario

ISP

Internet

ISP

Not secure. You and your BFF are exposed

and relying on your ISPs to provide all security
(from hacker attacks, viruses, worms).
IPs are public accessible.
You
24.48.0.1

Your BFF
12.6.1.3

Better: add router (a firewall)

ISP

Internet

ISP

24.48.0.1

Better. You buy a router that connects

to your ISP. The router assigns your
PC a private IP address.
You
192.168.0.1

denotes wireless
connection to hub/router

Your BFF
12.6.1.3

Recall Private IP addresses

Is anyone here using this IP address at home?

192.168.0.1

I thought each computer on the internet required a

different IP address?

How can many people use the same IP address?

Recall: the IT industry decided that the following
ranges of IP addresses would be non-routable
(i.e., a router will not pass along packets with
such destinations to another network)

10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255

Private IP address requires your routers

NAT (Network Address Translation)

ISP
From
24.48.0.1
24.48.0.1
From
192.168.0.1
You
192.168.0.1

Internet

ISP

Your routers NAT feature modifies your outgoing

packets such that their source IP becomes 24.48.0.1.
Your BFFs chat program thus sends its response to
24.48.0.1. (Your routers NAT function also changes
the destination IP on the response packets it later
receives from your BFF to 192.168.0.1.
Your BFF
12.6.1.3

Hiding multiple servers behind one IP address:

Port Mapping

Port mapping is what allows companies to have

multiple servers accessible via one IP and
corresponding DNS address
Common example: company wish to run both an FTP
and Web server from its domain name, asite.com

ftp://www.asite.com

Note: this is equivalent to typing ftp://www.asite.com:21

because port 21 is the default for ftp

The firms router with Port Mapping will send port 21 traffic to
the FTP server

http://www.asite.com

Note: this is equivalent to typing http://www.asite.com:80

because port 80 is the default for http

The firms router with Port Mapping will send port 80 traffic to
the web server

Hiding multiple servers behind one public

IP address: Port Mapping

ISP

ISP
224.60.32.1:21

Internet

224.60.32.1:80

Need to direct incoming packets

to the appropriate server

24.48.0.1

Corporate Router
with Port Mapping
and NAT activated

224.60.32.1

224.60.32.1:21

You
192.168.0.1

FTP
server
192.168.0.1:21

224.60.32.1:80

Web
server
192.168.0.2:80