Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
(William Stallings, Wireless Communications and Networks 2nd Ed, PrenticeHall, 2005, Chapter 5)
by Ya Bao
http://eent3.sbu.ac.uk/staff/ba
oyb/acs
Introduction
Types of Antennas
Dipole antennas
Radiation Patterns
Radiation pattern
Graphical representation of
radiation properties of an antenna
Depicted as two-dimensional
cross section
Radiation patterns
Pdirectional
G
Pisotropic
Three-dimensional
antenna radiation
patterns. The top
shows the directive
pattern of a horn
antenna, the bottom
shows the
omnidirectional
pattern of a dipole
antenna.
6
Gain (max)
Frequency
3 dB beamwidth
30 ( 5)
20 dB ( 3 dB)
10
Other antennas
Helical Antenna
Patch (microstrip)
antenna
11
Antenna Gain
Antenna gain
Effective area
12
Antenna Gain
4Ae 4f Ae
G 2
c2
2
G = antenna gain
Ae = effective area
f = carrier frequency
c = speed of light ( 3 108 m/s)
= carrier wavelength
13
14
Propagation Models
15
Signal reflected from ionized layer of upper atmosphere back down to earth,
which can travel a number of hops, back and forth between ionosphere and eart
surface.
HF band with intermediate frequency range: 3MHz ~ 30MHz.
e.g: International broadcast.
17
Line-of-Sight Propagation
Tx. and Rx. antennas are in the effective line of sight range.
Includes both LOS and non-LOS (NLOS) case
For satellite communication, signal above 30 MHz not
reflected by ionosphere.
For ground communication, antennas within effective LOS
due to refraction.
Frequency bands: VHF, UHF, SHF, EHF, Infrared, optical light
Spectrum range : 30MHz ~ 900THz.
18
LOS calculations
dr
do
earth
optical horizon
radio horizon
where
d o 3.57 h
For effective or radio LOS:
d r 3.57 Kh
Line-of-Sight Equations
Effective, or radio, line of sight
d 3.57 h
d 3.57 h1 h2
20
Attenuation
Pt 4d
4fd
2
2
Pr
c
2
= carrier wavelength
23
Pr
Pt
4d
4fd
4fd
10 log
10 log
20 log
2
2
Pr
c
c
2
LdB
26
Categories of Noise
Thermal Noise
Intermodulation noise
Crosstalk
Impulse Noise
27
Noise (1)
Error in bits
29
Thermal Noise
N 0 kT W/Hz
Thermal Noise
N kTB
or, in decibel-watts (dBW),
Noise Terminology
SNR dB 10log10
PN
where PS = Signal Power, PN = Noise Power
33
Another parameter that related to SNR for determine data rates and
error rates is the ratio of signal energy per bit, Eb to noise power
density per Hertz, N0; Eb/N0.
Eb PS Tb
PS = signal power & Tb = time required to send one bit which can be related
to the transmission bit rate, R, as Tb = 1/ R.
Eb PS / R
PS
N0
N0
kTR
Thus,
228.6 dBW
In decibels:
Eb
N0
35
Higher Eb/N0,
lower BER
36
Lamp
post
scattering
37