CHAPTER

Modulation

Chapter Objectives
Explain amplitude, frequency and
phase shift modulation
Give an example of a modulation
technique used in modems
Discuss modem standards
Communication, compression etc.
Continued

Continuation of Chapter
Objectives
Differentiate between bps and Baud that
are units used for measuring
communication speed
Describe analog-to-digital modulation
Explain digital-to-digital interface
Summarize the different types of signal
conversions
Digital-to-analog, analog-to-digital, analogto-analog and digital-to-digital

Chapter Modules
Amplitude modulation
Frequency and phase shift modulation
Modems and modulation
FM modulation in modems
Speed of modulated signals
Analog-to-digital modulation
Digital-to-digital interfacing

Overview
Digital-to-analog modulation
Computer-to-telephone interface

Analog-to-digital modulation
Digitization of audio

Digital-to-digital interface
Computer-to-ISDN interface

Modulation

Amplitude Modulation

Overview of
Modulation
Phone
Line
RJ-11

Serial link
RS -232
Modem

Computer

Digital

Analog

Amplitude Modulation
(AM)
1 = Amp. 1
0 = Amp. 2
1

Amp. 1

Amp. 2

Characteristics of
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude of the analog signal is
modulated
One amplitude represents a 0
Another amplitude represents a 1
Frequency remains unchanged in both
cases
Signals that are modulated at one end
are demodulated at the other end

Usage
Amplitude is susceptible to
interference
This technique in not normally used in
modems

A variation of this technique is

used in AM radio transmission
Analog-to-analog modulation takes
place

AM and Radio
Transmission
Voice

Carrier
Wave

Modulated Amplitude

End of Module

Module
Frequency Modulation

Frequency Modulation
(FM)

1 = Frequency F1
0 = Frequency F2
1

Freq. 1

Freq. 2

Characteristics of
Frequency Modulation
Frequency is modulated
Frequency f1
Represents 1
Frequency f2
Represents 0
The amplitude remains unaltered
in both cases

Usage
Variations in frequency are easy to detect
They are less susceptible to interference

FM and variations of this technique are

used in modems
Easy to implement full duplex
transmission under FM
A variation of the FM technique described
here is used in FM radio transmission

Use of FM in Early Day

Modems
Voice
BandWidth

F1
0
A

F2
1

F3
0

F4
1
B

Full-duplex Communication

Modulation in Modern Day

Modems
Modern day modems may not use
the FM technique for modulation
They may be using a technique
known as Phase Shift Modulation
(or Phase Shift Keying)

End of Module

Module
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Modulation

Phase of an Analog Signal

Y
Strength

90

180

270

360 X
Time Frame

The Concept of Phase Shift

90 degrees phase shift

90
180 degrees phase shift

180

Phase Modulation
Technique
1

0 Degree
phase shift

90 Degrees
phase shift

This is also known as phase shift keying.

Characteristics of Phase
Shift Modulation
Phase is modulated
Phase shift of 0 represents a 0
Phase shift of 90 degrees represents a 1
Both amplitude and frequency remain
unaltered is both cases
Also known as Phase Shift Keying, it is
used in a number of modern modems as
well

End of Module

Module

FM Modulation in Modems

Module Objectives
Explain the basic concept of
modem communication
Provide an example of frequency
modulation used in modems
Discuss the importance of call
mode setting
Call mode and receive mode settings

Basic Concepts of Modem

Communication
Voice
BandWidth

F1
0
A

F2
1

F3
0

F4
1
B

Full-duplex Communication

FM Details
Different frequencies are used for
transmission
At node A
F1 for 0
F2 for 1

At node B
F3 for 0
F4 for 1

Call and Receive Modes

Setting for communication
Set one side on call mode
Set the other side on receive mode
The above would ensures proper
assignment of frequencies

Mode Setting Rule

Calling mainframes or on-line services
Set the calling computer on call mode

In general
Set the home computer on the call mode

Fortunately, in a number of cases, the

modems poll and set themselves
dynamically for communication
between the receiver and the sender

End of Module

Module

Terms Used in Measuring the

Communication speed

Overview

In general, the terms used for measuring speed are

bps and Baud
The former is being used more widely than the
latter
bps is the accurate measure of the speed of
communication
In the past, Baud was being used interchangeable
with bps
Both are not interchangeable

Only in certain circumstances they amount to the

same

Definition of bps and Baud

bps represents the number of bits
transmitted per second
Baud represents the number of
times the signal changes its state
during a given period of time

Example Where bps and

Baud Represent the Same
bps = 1
Baud = 1

1
0
F1

F2

1 Second

Example Where bps and

Baud are Different
1 second

0
0

01

10

bps = 2
Baud = 1

11

Frequency Representation
Bits

Frequency

00

01

10

11

In Summary
bps measures the speed of
communication correctly in bits per
second
Baud indicates he number of times
the state of a signal changes in
one second

End of Module

Module

Modem Standards

Modem Standardization
The International body that
standardizes the modulation
technique is known as the ITU
ITU is also responsible for setting
standards pertaining to:
Error correction
Data compression

Sample ITU Specifications

Modulation
ITU V.34

Error correction
ITU V.42
MNP 5

Data compression
ITU V.42 bis
MNP 2 to 4

Bell Standard and its

Implications
At 1200 bps and below there were two
standards
CCITT (ITU at present)
Bell

A Bell modem cannot communicate with a

CCITT modem
Bell standard at that time was used
predominantly in the US
Today, all modems fall under the ITU
specifications

Sample Protocols and

Speed

V.92 for 56,000 bps

V.90 for 56,000 bps
V.34 for 28,800 bps
V.32 bis for 14,400 bps
V.32 for 9,600 bps
A high speed modem could also operate
at the lower speed
High speed modems can thus communicate
with a low speed modems

A Note on the Protocol

Used in the Faster 56K
Modems
When the 56K modems were
first
introduced there were two competing
standards
One was the X2 standard proposed by
US Robotics that is now part of 3Com
The competing protocol was knows as
the Kflex56 standard
A joint effort between Lucent and Rockwell

ITU Standard for 56K

Modems
Both standards have now been
superceded by the ITU V.90 standard
The vendors now produce modems
that operate under the ITU V.90
protocol
The vendors also offer upgrades to
the older X2 and Kflex modems so
that they could operate under V.90

In Summary
ITU specified protocols with respect to
modems exist for the following.
Modulation
Error correction
Data compression

Different protocols apply to different

speeds of communication
A high speed modem can communicate
with a low speed modem

End of Module

Module

Analog-to-Digital Mapping

An Overview of Analog-toDigital Modulation

Representation of analog signals by
digital signals is known as analog-todigital modulation
Often the digitized information is further
coded into binary form for computer
processing
Sample applications include the
encoding of audio for computer
processing

Steps Involved in the

Representation of Analog
Signals
by
Digital
Signals
Analog Signals

* See earlier slides for

details on PAM and PCM

Digitize

Encode

PAM or PDM

PCM

Computer
Processing

Modulation Techniques
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM)

Pulse Duration Modulation

110

001

101

Note: pulse duration is proportional to

The height of the analog wave

Salient Points of Pulse

Duration Modulation
Sample the analog signal at
predetermined time intervals
Sampling rate

Generate digital pulses of duration

proportional to the amplitude of the
analog signal at the sampling point
Encode the information into binary
form

Reference
More information on Asynchronous
Transmission

End of Module

Module
Digital-to-Digital Interfacing

Module Objectives
Explain the difference between signal
modulation (conversion) and digitalto-digital signal transformation
Explain the concept of digital-todigital interfacing using ISDN as an
example
Provide a summary of the different
modulation processes

Overview
Analog-to-Digital signal conversion requires
modulation
Digital-to-Digital interfacing
Requires conversion and not modulation
In this case, digital signals are converted from
one digital format to another digital format
Hence, the need for an interface unit even
though the signals at both ends are
represented in digital form
An example is the Computer-to-ISDN link

Digital-to-Digital
Interfacing

Digital
RS232C

Computer

Digital
ISDN
Phone
Line
ISDN
Adapter

Adapter Converts
From Computer To
ISDN Format

Summary of Modulation
Digital-to-analog
FM used in modems
Analog-to-digital
PAM and PCM used in the digitization of audio
Analog-to-analog
AM used in radio transmission
Digital-to-digital
This is not a modulation process
Used by the ISDN interface to the computer
Used in DSL communication

End of Modulation

END OF CHAPTER