Earth Science study of the Earth, its

structure, processes, history and its

place in the universe.
Related Fields of Earth Science:
1.Physiography study of the surface
features of the Earth, how they change
and the processes that produce these
surface features.
2.Geology - study of the composition,
structure and history of the Earth. It
studies the nature and properties of the
materials making up the Earth, their
distribution

throughout the globe and the properties

that form change and transport them.
3. Paleontology study of the history of life
on Earth as gathered from the remains of
living things called the fossils.
4. Oceanography scientific study of the
ocean and seas, their structure as well as
the living things that dwell in them.
5. Meteorology study of the atmosphere
and its changes that bring about the
formation of weather and climate.

6. Astronomy study that deals with

the heavenly bodies.
Importance of Earth Science:
1.To apply what we know about the
Earth to improve our living conditions.
2.Adds knowledge on how the world and
universe look like. It reveals land
structure that cant be seen by
geologists like land structures rich
with deposits of valuable
minerals;
water areas where then temperature is
favorable to increase the catch of
species of plants.

3. Describe geologic events and can

sometimes explain why events happen.
Instruments Used in Earth Science:
I. Optical Telescopes most important
tool in astronomical explorations. It can
detect even the very faint light coming
from any celestial object.
Hans Leppershey Dutch lensmaker
invented the first toy microscope.
Galileo - Italian astronomer, invented
the first crude telescope.

Importance of telescope:
Gathering the light being emanated by
the celestial object.
Separating the components of the
objects into distinct parts ( resolving
power).
Enlarging the object ( magnifying power)
to see the image of the object which is
to be observed or photographed.
Two major Types of Telescope:
1. Refracting Telescope magnifying
lens, eyepiece, enlarges the image of
the object.

The largest refracting telescope is a

40-inch telescope at Yerkes
Observatory in South Wisconsin,
USA.
2. Reflecting Telescope - with
curved mirror
Four types of reflecting
microscope:
a.Prime focus telescope
b.Newtonian reflector
c.Cassegrainian reflector
d.Coude reflector

The largest reflecting telescopes are

found in Mt. Pastukhov, USSR ( 60M
telescope), and at Mt. Palomar,
California, USA ( 200 inch Hale
telescope.
The Schmidth reflector is used for
photographic purposes.
There are ten reflector around the world
with mirrors equal to or larger than 3
meters (9 ft) in diameter.
There are 14 refractors around the world
with objectives larger than 65 cm (26
in) in diameter.

The power of a 200-inch telescope is

enormous it can detect candlelight
at a distance of 2 million light years.
II.Radio
TelescopeThe visible
portion
of
the
electromagnetic
spectrum does not penetrate the
atmosphere but radio waves easily
pass through them.
Karl Jansky American Engineer at
Bell
telephone
laboratories
discovered a steady hiss-like static
coming from the Milky Way. 1931

1936:Grate Reber - American, constructed

the first dish-shaped radio telescope in his
backyard.
Largest radio telescope is located at Mt.
Arecibo in Puerto Rico. It is 1000ft in diameter
lying on top of the mountain.
III. Spectroscope
- It is an instrument used to split light and
spread it into a set of colored lines called
spectrum.
- A beam of light passing through a glass
prism is separated into the color of the
rainbow which is called spectrum. This proves
that white light is a mixture of all colors.

A beam of light passing through a glass

prism is separated into the color of the
rainbow which is called spectrum. This
proves that white light is a mixture of
all colors.
Robert Bunsen assembled the first
spectroscope in 1859.
Spectroscopy is the systematic study
of the color spectrum composing the
light emitted by an object. Used to
determine the chemical composition of
the object that produces light in the sky.

Used also the relative motion of the

object that emits light in the sky.
Spectrograph photographic study of
the spectra produced by spectroscope.
Christian Doppler made use of the
principle of spectroscopy and pointed out
that light wavelengths emitted by a
celestial object are affected by motion.
This means that light waves from a
source may be spread or compressed
depending on whether the object is
moving toward or away from the Earth or
the observer.

Blueshift If a light source is

approaching an observer, the light
waves will crowd closer together. All
spectral lines in the spectrum of an
approaching light are shifted to the
short wavelength end of the spectrum.
Redshift If the light source is
receding, the light will spread out. All
spectral lines in the spectrum are
stretched toward the longer
wavelength end of the spectrum.

IV. Sonar an echo-sounding device that

measures the depth of the ocean floor.
V. Bathyscaph a well-equipped under-sea
craft that explores the details of the
unpenetrable ocean floor.
VI. Coring instrument gathers samples of
materials from the ocean bottoms.
VII.Geiger Counter used in determining
the radioactivity and age of rocks or fossils.
VIII. Seismograph records Earth's
vibrations cause by the movements of the
Earth, locates the origin of the earthquake
and records its intensity

IX. Radar determines the distance of an

object in the sky by transmitting radio
waves of an object and then detecting the
radiation the object reflects back to the
transmitter.
X.Thermocouple used to study the
temperature of stars.
XI. Photometer used to study the
brightness of stars.
XII. Artificial satellites use to record or
radio back information about the condition
of the upper atmosphere and facilitate
radio and telecommunication operations.