DR. BANGUN NUSANTORO, SP.

RAD

Radiology
Medical imaging

techniques and processes used

to create images of the human
body

RADIOGRAPHY
Radiographs / Roentgenographs
named after the discoverer of X-rays

8 November 1895
Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen (1845
1923)
often used for evaluation of bony
structures and soft tissue

Figure 1. Diagram of a standard x-ray tube

Taking an X-ray image with early

Crookes tube apparatus, late 1800s.

Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen (18451923)

X-ray equipmentS

X-ray equipments

X- RAYS DEFINITION
A relatively high-energy photon having

a wavelength in the approximate range

from 0.01 to 10 nanometers.
A stream of such photons, used for
their penetrating power in radiography,
radiology, radiotherapy, and scientific
research. Often used in the plural. Also
called roentgen ray.
A photograph taken with x-rays.

These previously unknown rays (hence

the X) were found to be a type of
electromagnetic radiation
.
Fluoroscopy,
computed tomography
(1970s),
mammography,
ultrasound (1970s), and
magnetic resonance
imaging (1980s).

Sources
X-ray photons

Sealed X-ray tubes

Gamma rays

Betatrons,

Linear
accelerators
(linacs)

Gamma rays, Radioactive sources such

as Ir -192 have been used.

GRADAtion DENSITy of
RAY FILM

X-

Very
Moderately Intermedia
Radiolucen radiolucen te
t
t

Moderately Very
Radiopaqe Radiopaqe

Gas

Bones
Calsium salt

Fatty Tissue

Connective
tissue
Muscle
tissue
Cartilago
Epithelium
Cholesterol
stones
Uric Acid
stones

Heavy
metals

CONTRAST AGENTS
Three type of contrast agents :
Positive contrast agents : Barium

sulphate, Organic Iodine.

Negative contrast agenst : Oxigen, Air,

Helium
Double contrast

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF XRAY EXPOSURE

Early effects : Chemical changes

structure or function of constituent cells.

Delayed effects, such as cancer, may also
occur ultimately as a result of DNA
damage produced by the radiation in
surviving cells.
Earliest visual indications of a high
radiation dose erythema or skin
reddening

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF XRAY EXPOSURE

The threshold dose
300 rads (3.0 Gray)
The effect erythema occurs within a day of the exposure and

then disappears.
The effect may recur 8-14 days later
pain in the
affected tissue.
After a few days, the skin may return to its normal
appearance but remain highly sensitive.
For doses in excess of 5000 rads (50 Gray)
blood flow
problems
atrophy and ulcerations.
may eventually require the amputation of fingers or major
portions of the hand.

Occupational Dose Limits for

External Exposures to Ionizing Radiation.
Quarterly

Annual

Whole body; head and trunk; lens of

eye; gonads

1.25 rems

5 rems

Hands and forearms; feet and ankles

18.75 rems

Skin of the whole body

7.5 rems

18.75 rems
30 rems

RADIATION PROTECTION
Time
Three factors

Distance
Shielding

ALARA : "As Low As Reasonably

Achievable".

Stomach (single
contrast)

Colon (single contrast)

Colon (double contrast)

IVU

X-RAY

FOR

K IDNEY

STONES

Hysterosalpingography

Inguinal and iliac lymph nodes and vessels

(lymphography)

SELAMAT
BELAJAR