Você está na página 1de 19

H

STEEL

Steel is an alloy made by combining iron and other elements, the most
common of these being carbon.

Carbon is used, its content in the steel is up to 2.1% by weight,


depending on the grade.

Other alloying elements sometimes used are Manganese (Mn),


Nickel(Ni),Chromium (Cr), Vanadium (V) and Tungsten (W) etc.

Varying the amount of alloying elements and the form of their presence
in the steel (solute elements, precipitated phase) controls qualities such
as the hardness, ductility, and tensile strength of the resulting steel.

Steel with increased carbon content can be made harder and stronger
than iron, but such steel is also less ductile than iron.

STAINLESS STEEL

Stainless Steel is the generic name for a number of


different steel used primarily because of their corrosion
resistance.

It is an high alloy steel which contain more than 10-12% Cr

Other Elements are Ni, Mo, Cu, W, V as per requirements


of relevant Standard and Grade.

The Chromium in the Stainless Steel has a great affinity


for oxygen and will form a film of chromium oxide on the
surface of steel that gives whitish form.

TYPES OF STAINLESS STEEL :


Types of Stainless Steel

Grades of Stainless Steel

Austenitic stainless steel

200 series: Austenitic, Cr-Ni-Mn alloy


300 series: Austenitic, Cr-Ni alloy

Ferritic stainless steel

400 series: Ferritic & Martensitic, Cr


alloy

Martensitic stainless steel

400 series: Ferritic & Martensitic, Cr


alloy

Precipitation hardened
stainless steel

600 series: Martensitic Precipitation


hardened alloy

Duplex stainless steel

2205 & 2507: Duplex stainless steel

AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL

The carbon content is generally held to a maximum of


0.08% (302, 309 & 310 have slightly higher levels).

Chromium is in the range of 16.0 to 28.0% and nickel


between 3.5 & 32.0%.

These alloys cannot be hardened by heat treatment and


are non-magnetic.

They all exhibit excellent corrosion resistance


(Molybdenum is added for resistance to chlorides), have
great ductility and toughness

AUSTENITIC GROUP
305

+Cr
+Ni

308,
309, 310

+Mo
+Ni

316, 317

+Ti

321

301
-Cr
-Ni

304

+Si

+Cb
+Ta

347, 348

+C

302

+S

303

314

FERRITIC STAINLESS STEEL

The carbon levels here are also low, generally below


0.12% (442, 446 are at 0.20).

The chromium content can vary from 10.5 to 30.0%.

These grades cannot be hardened by heat treatment


but they are magnetic.

They have good corrosion resistance (particularly to


chloride stress corrosion cracking) but are generally
not chosen for toughness.

FERRITIC GROUP

434
+Mo
+C
r

430

-Cr
+Al
-Cr
+Ti

442
405
409

+Co

+C
r

436
446

MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEEL

These grades do have a relatively


high carbon level compared to the
other categories. Carbon can range
from 0.15 to 1.20%.

Chromium levels between 11.5 &


18.0%.

They can be heat-treated to very high


hardness levels and are magnetic

MARTENSITIC GROUP

416
+P
+S

410

+C

+Ni

420
414

+C
+C
r

+Cr

440
431

PRECIPITATION HARDENED STAINLESS STEEL

Also low carbon (0.09 max.), they have good


corrosion resistance and are characterized by
ease of fabrication.

High strength can be developed at relatively


low temperature (500-800C) so distortions are
minimized.

Chromium between 12.25 & 18.0%, with nickel


3.0 to 8.5%. Molybdenum, in some grade
between 2.0 and 2.5%, with additions of
Aluminium, copper, rare earths and nitrogen

DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL

These are a combination of both austenitic and


ferritic structures.

The carbon levels are very low (below 0.03%).


Chromium between 21.0 & 26.0% with nickel from
3.5 to 8.0% and may contain molybdenum up to
4.5% and nitrogen 0.05 to 0.30%

These alloys are magnetic, and offer increased


tensile and yield strength over the other categories.

EFFECT OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS


IN STEEL

Manganese (Mn) improves hardenability, ductility and wear


resistance. Mn eliminates formation of harmful iron sulfides, increasing
strength at high temperatures.

Nickel (Ni) increases strength, impact strength and toughness,


impart corrosion resistance in combination with other elements.

Chromium (Cr) improves hardenability, strength and wear


resistance, sharply increases corrosion resistance at high
concentrations (> 12%).

Tungsten (W) increases hardness particularly at elevated


temperatures due to stable carbides, refines grain size.

Vanadium (V) increases strength, hardness, creep resistance and


impact resistance due to formation of hard vanadium carbides, limits
grain size.

Molybdenum (Mo) increases hardenability and strength particularly


at high temperatures and under dynamic conditions.

Silicon (Si) improves strength, elasticity, acid resistance


and promotes large grain sizes, which cause increasing
magnetic permeability.

Titanium (Ti) improves strength and corrosion resistance,


limits austenite grain size.

Cobalt (Co) improves strength at high temperatures and


magnetic permeability.

Zirconium (Zr) increases strength and limits grain sizes.

Boron (B) highly effective hardenability agent, improves


deformability and machinability.

Copper (Cu) improves corrosion resistance.

Aluminum (Al) deoxidizer, limits austenite grains growth.


HEAT TREATMENT OF STEELS

1.
2.

3.

4.

5.
6.

7.

The objective of various heat treatments:


To increase hardness, wear and abrasion resistance.
To resoften steel after it has been hardened by heat treatment or
cold working.
To adjust other properties i.e hardness, T.S, ductility,
microstructure or corrosion resistance.
To eliminate or reduce internal residual stresses. Internal stresses
lead to premature and brittle failures of the components. They
also reduce corrosion resistance and hence are not desirable .
To decrease or increase the grain size of steels.
To eliminate gases, particularly hydrogen, which embrittles the
steel. If the steel is held as some elevated temperatures for a
short time, these gases will get diffused into the atmosphere.
To change the composition of the surface by diffusion of C, N, Si
etc. so as to increase wear resistance, fatigue life or corrosion
resistance.

SOAKING AND ITS IMPORTANCE

1.
2.
3.
.

Necessary to dissolve all the carbides into austenite


Time of soaking depends on:
Size of the component
Type of the steel
Initial microstructure of the component.
For some of the alloys particularly containing large
amounts of Cr, W, V, Mo, Ti etc.( Time is more
because the complex carbides do not dissolve fast in
the austenite due to their low diffusivity)
Larger components require more time for soaking

COOLING MEDIA

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Types of cooling media;


Brine(cold water + 5 to 10% salt)
Cold water
Water + soluble oil
Oil
Fused salts
Air

. Depending

upon the extent of cooling,


the cooling is accordingly used.

POLYMER QUENCHANTS
They provide wide range of cooling
rates.
They reduce distortions and cracking of
the components.
They virtually eliminate smoke, fume,
and fire hazards in contrast to oil
quenchants because they are
inflammable.
They provide uniform cooling rate.

Thank you

Você também pode gostar