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Grounding and
Bonding
Terry Klimchak
Revised 11/19/13
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Learning Objectives
At the end of this presentation you will be able to:
Discuss the basics of electrical grounding and
bonding.
Discuss electrical engineering principles and relevant
specifications.
Discuss the basic design criteria for grounding
systems.
Understand and learn how to limit STEP AND TOUCH
potentials
Observe and describe exothermic welded grounding
connections
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Outline
Basic Electricity and Materials
Utility Grounding
C & I Residential Grounding
Telecommunications Systems
Considerations
IEEE 1246:
IEEE 1268:
IEEE C2:
IEEE is a registered trademark of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
Purpose of System
Grounding
IEEE 142 - 2007
1.3 Purposes of system grounding:
System grounding is the intentional connection to
ground of a phase or neutral conductor for the
purpose of:
a) Controlling the voltage with respect to
earth, or
ground, within predictable limits, and
b) Providing for a flow of current that will
allow detection of an unwanted connection
between system conductors and ground. Such
detection may then
initiate operation of
automatic devices to remove the source of
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voltage from these conductors.
IEEE is a registered trademark of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
Purpose of Grounding
Limit potential difference of neutral
for system stability
Allow for operation of relays and system
protections devices
Personnel safety
This is different from most grounding
presentations; if you do the first two, you
will get safety for free.
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Purpose:
Used for establishing and maintaining the potential of
the Earth (or other conducting body) or approximately
that potential, on conductors connected to it, and for
conducting ground current to and from the Earth (or
other conducting body).
IEEE is a registered trademark of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
Conclusion:
A Grounding System Is Made up of Both
Grounding and Bonding Elements.
IEEE is a registered trademark of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
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RA
l
2
m
m
m
l
11
Metals
10-2
102
Soils
104
1012
Wood
Insulators
All in m
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Soil Resistivity
Loam
Clay
Sand & Gravel
Surface Limestone
Shale
Sandstone
Granites, Basalt
Slates
1 to 50 ohm-m
20 to 100 ohm-m
50 to 1000 ohm-m
100 to 10,000 ohmm
5 to 100 ohm-m
20 to 2000 ohm-m
10,000 ohm-m
10 to 100 ohm-m
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Impedance
Impedance is the sum (and much more complex
mathematical operations) of a circuit resistance elements
and the REACTANCE which is caused by inductors and
capacitive elements in the circuit. IT IS AFFECTED BY
FREQUENCY f in Hz. Transients or faults in electrical systems
look like very high frequency events, not 60 hz .
Inductive Reactance
Capacitive Reactance
X L L
2f
1
XC
C
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GENERATION
TRANSMISSION
SUBSTATION
500 kV
XFMR 15-25 kV
1,000 MW 30 kV
XFMR 500 kV
25 kV XFMR
480V 3
DISTRIBUTION
15-25 kV
25 kV XFMR
240/120V
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Purpose of Grounding
Establish a reference for the system by
intentionally connecting the neutral to the earth
Limit potential difference of neutral for system
stability
Allow for operation of relays and system
protections devices
Personnel safety Establish an equipotential plane
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AC Three Phase
3 PHASE VOLTAGE
1.5
0.5
Phase A
0
Phase B
1
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
Phase C
-0.5
-1
-1.5
Angle (/10)
Ground System
Reference
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V IR
SAFETY: At 50-60 Hz 60-100mA can
cause ventricular fibrillation.
Threshold voltage can be as low as 50
V.
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Typ
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C & I Grounding
Generally C & I and Residential grounding
methods establish a good earth reference
Also grounding elements provide a path
for fault currents
All metal parts associated with the
electrical system shall be connected
to the ground reference for safety
(equipotental plane).
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26
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Other Grounding
Electrodes
& Bonds
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NEW MUST Be
Bonded into GEC
System
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Equipment Grounding
Conductors
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32
4l
RO
ln
2l d
RO Resistance of rod
d Rod diameter
l rod length
Soil Volume Resistivity
Source : http://www.mikeholt.com/newsletters.php?action=display&letterID=407
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Bonding
2011 NEC Article 250.94
Intersystem Bonding Termination
Interconnecting of all Ground Electrode
Systems
Electrical Power Grounding System
Lightning Grounding System
Telecommunications Grounding System
Cable TV Grounding System
Connect all conductive objects together both
internal and external to the facility
Provides near zero voltage difference during
ground potential rise
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41
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Configuration:
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44
45
Electrical Entrance
Facility
Service
Equipment
N
TBB
Equipment
G
Grounding
Electrode
Conductor
Bonding
conductor for
telecommunications
TMGB
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