Perception and

Learning

Learning Unit 2

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Learning Objectives
1.

Distinguish between social perception and social

identity concepts.

2.

Explain how attribution process works and

describe various social perception bias sources.

3.

Understand how social perception process operates

in performance appraisals, employment interviews,
and corporate image cultivation contexts.

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Learning Objectives
4.

Define learning and describe the two types most

applicable to OB: operant conditioning and
observational learning.

5.

Describe how learning principles are involved in

organizational training and innovative reward
systems and how knowledge can be effectively
managed.

6.

Compare how organizations use reward in

organizational behavior management programs
and how punishment can be used most effectively
when administering discipline.
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Social Identity Theory

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Attribution Process
Correspondent Inferences

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Attribution Process
Causal attribution
Internal based on action
External based on situation
Causal attribution theory (Kelly)
Consensus the extent of which other people behave
the same manner we judge
Consistency the extent of which the person act the
same way at other time
Distinctiveness the extent of which the person behave
the same in other context
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Attribution Process
Casual Attribution

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Perceptual Biases
Halo Effect

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Perceptual Biases
Fundamental attribution error
We judge others based on their action and ignore
other situation
Similar-to-me effect
We see people positively when people act the same

manner with us

Selective perception
Focus on certain aspect. Affected by other peoples
background
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Perceptual Biases
First Impression Error

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Perceptual Biases
Self-fulfilling Prophecy

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Perceptual Biases
Stereotyping

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Organizational Applications
Performance appraisal
Impression management
Corporate image

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Applicant Impression
Management

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Learning
Operant Conditioning (reward/punishment)

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Learning
Reinforcement Contingencies

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Reinforcement
Schedules
Continuous
Partial

Interval
Fixed
Variable

Ratio
Fixed
Variable
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Learning
Observational Learning

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Training
Definition
Varieties

Classroom training
Apprenticeship programs
Cross-cultural training
Corporate universities
Executive training programs
E-training
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Effective Training Keys

Participation
Repetition
Transfer of training
Feedback
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Organizational Behavior
Management
Discipline
Progressive discipline

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Disciplinary Measures Continuum

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Effective Discipline
Deliver punishment immediately after undesirable
response
Give moderate levels of punishment
Punish undesirable behavior, not person
Use punishment consistently across occasions

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Effective Discipline
Punish everyone equally for same infraction
Clearly communicate reasons for punishment
Do not follow punishment with noncontingent
rewards

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