Lecture on

DC MACHINE
By
B. Shanker
Electrical Engineering Department
Bapatla Engineering college
Bapatla

PARTS OF A DC MACHINE
1) MAGNETIC FRAME OR YOKE
2) FIELD POLES
3) FIELD COILS
4) COMMUTATING POLE (OR) INTER POLE
5) ARMATURE
6) COMMUTATOR
7) BRUSHES
8) BEARINGS

Basics of a Electric Motor

LP11

A Two Pole DC Motor

LP11

CONSTRUCTION

A Four Pole DC Motor

LP11

Construction
Slip
rings

Cutaway in
a typical
wound-rotor
IM. Notice
the brushes
and the slip
rings

Brush
es

Introduction
to
Electric Motors

Parts of a Motor - DC

PARTS OF A DC MACHINE
1) MAGNETIC FRAME OR YOKE
2) FIELD POLES
3) FIELD COILS
4) COMMUTATING POLE (OR) INTER POLE
5) ARMATURE
6) COMMUTATOR
7) BRUSHES
8) BEARINGS

CONSTRACTION OF DC MACHINES
A DC machine consists of two main parts:
i)

i)

STATIONARY PART: It is design mainly for producing

magnetic flux.
) Yoke ,Field poles, Interpole, Brushes.

ROTATING PART: It is called the armature, mechanical

energy is converted into electrical (generator),or electrical
energy into mechanical (motor)
) Armature, commutator,
) The STATIONARY and ROTATING PARTS are separated
from each other by an air gap.
) The air gap length is about 1mm(for 1kw) to 6mm(for
800kw)

DESCRIPTION OF PARTS OF DC MACHINES

1.FRAME / YOKE :
a) It provides high permeability and low reluctance.
b) It provides mechanical support for the poles and acts as a
protecting cover for the machine.
c) It carries the magnetic flux produced by the poles.
) For small machines yokes are made of cast iron(saturation
0.8wb/m2).
) But for larger machines usually cast steel(saturation
1.5wb/m2) or rolled steel is employed.
) The modern machines the yoke consist of rolling a steel slab
round a cylindrical mandrel and then welding it at the
bottom. The feet and the terminal box are welded to the
frame.

Introduction
to
Electric Motors

2. FIELD POLES:
It consist of pole core and pole shoes.
Pole shoes: It houses field winding
They spread out the flux in the air gap and also, being of
larger cross section area, reduce the reluctance of the
magnetic path
They support the exciting coils (field coils) .
Pole core made of cast iron or cast steel but the pole shoe is
laminated and is fastened to the pole face by means of
counter sunk screws.
Pole core and pole shoes are built of thin laminations of
annealed steel which are riveted together under hydraulic
pressure to reduce Eddy current losses.
The thickness of laminations varies from 1mm to 0.25mm

3.POLE COILS OR FIELD COILS:

It consist of copper wire or strip.
The wound copper coil is put into place over the Pole core.
When current passing through this coil, produces the
magnetic flux .
i) For DC Shunt machine, large number of turns of small
cross-section are used.
ii) For DC Series machine, small number of turns of large
cross-section are used.
iii) For DC Compound machine, Both shunt(Thin wire) and
series(Thick wire) field winding are used.

4.COMMUTATING POLE / INTERPOLE:

Interpole is similar to main pole.
Interpoles are arranged strictly midway between the
main poles and are bolted to the yoke.
It made of solid steel or sheet steel.

CONSTRUCTION

5. ARMATURE :
It consist of Armature core and winding.
It houses the armature conductors .
The purpose of armature is to rotate the conductors in the
uniform magnetic field.
It is a rotating part of a machine and is built up a cylindrical
or drum shape.
The armature core is divided into number of
packets(segments) by radial ventilation spacers.
The armature core is built up of circular sheet steel or
laminations approximately 0.3 to 0.5mm thick. It is keyed to
the shaft.
A complete circular lamination is made up of 4/6/8
segmental laminations.
Usually two keyways are notched in each segment and are
dove-tailed or wedge shaped to make the laminations
self-locking in the position.

 The laminations are perforated for air ducts which permits

axial flow of air through the armature for cooling purposes.
The width of ventilating ducts varies from 5mm to 10mm.
The slots are either die-cut or punched on the outer periphery
of the disk and the keyway is located on the inner diameter.
The armature winding is housed in slots on the surface of the
armature.
The conductors of each coil are so spaced that when one side of
the coil is under a N-pole, the opposite is under a S-pole.
The lamination is required for reducing the EDDY CURRENT
AND HYSTERISIS LOSSES.

ARMATURE WINDING

Basically armature winding is made from copper.

It consist of large number of insulated coils, each
coil having one or more turns.
These coils are placed in slots and appropriately
connected in series and parallel depending upon the
type of winding required.
Two types of windings lap winding and wave
winding. The difference between these two is merely
due to the end connections and commutator
connections of the conductor.

6.COMMUTATOR:
The function of commutator is to collect the current from
armature conductors.
A commutator converts alternating voltage to direct voltage
(Rectifier)
A commutator is a cylindrical structure and is built up of
wedge-shaped segments of high-conductivity hard drawn or
drop forged copper.
This segments are insulated from each other by thin layers of
mica(0.5mm to 1mm thickness).
The no.of segments is equal to the number of armature coils .
Each commutator segment is connected to the armature
conductors by means of a copper lungs or strip.

7.BRUSH GEAR:
Brush is to collect the current from commutator segment and
supply it to external load.
The brushers are rectangular in shape and rest on the
commutator.
Brush gear consist of :
i) Brushes ii) brush holders
iii) Brush studs or Brush-holder arms iv) Brush rocker(brush yoke
v)Current collecting busbars.
i) Brushes: It divided into 5 classes
Metal graphite, Carbon graphite, Graphite,
Electro-graphite, Copper.
The allowable current density at the brush contact varies from
5A/cm2 in case of carbon to 23A/cm2 in case of copper.

 Brush is to collect the current from commutator, are usually

made of carbon (present) or graphite and are in the shape of a
rectangular block.
ii) Brush Holder: The brushes are housed in brush-holders
(usually of the box type) which are mounted on the brushholder studs or brackets.
iv) Brush Rockers: Brush holders are fixed to brush rockers with
bolts. Cast iron is usually, used for brush rockers.

ARMATURE CONDUCTOR TO COMMUTATOR SEGMENT, COMMUTATOR

SEGMENT TO BRUSHES, BRUSHES TO CUPPER PIG TAIL,
CUPPER PIG TAIL TO BRUSH HOLDER.

8.BEARINGS:
With small machines roller bearings are used at both ends.
For larger machines roller bearings are used for driving end
and ball bearings are used for non-driving end.
The bearings are housed in the end shields.
For larger machines pedestal bearings are used.

Parts of a Motor - DC

A Simple AC Generator

Electric Motor

Lab 3 P. 47

Autumn Quarter

Rotating Magnetic Field