Retaining wall

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CE-632
Fou n d ation An al ysis and
Desi g n
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Retain in g Wall Desi gn
Fou n d ation An al ysis and Desig n : Dr. Ami t P rash an t
Con ven tion al Retain in g Wall s
Gravity Ret aining Struc tures
Stabilit y depends on the self weight of the wall
Not ec onomical for design
Sem i-gravity Retaining Struc t ures
Minimum amount of reinf orc ement may be used in the wall to reduce
t he s iz e of wall
Cant ilever Ret aining Walls
Reinf orc ed conc rete is used in wall design wit h thin st em and slab base
Relat ively economic al f or des ign
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y g
Fou n d ation An al ysis and Desig n : Dr. Ami t P rash an t
Con ven tion al Retain in g Wall s
Counterf ort/But tres sed Retaining walls
Similar to Cantilever ret aining walls, but t hin s lab st ems may be
used at some interval to tie the bas e s lab and s tem in order to
reduc e the s hear f orc e and bending moment for more
economical des ign
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Fou n d ation An al ysis and Desig n : Dr. Ami t P rash an t
Retain in g Wall Desi gn : P rop ortion in g
Firs t, approximate
dimensions are
c hos en f or t he
retaining wall.
Then, st abilit y of
wall is checked f or
t hes e dimensions
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Stem
Toe
Heel
dimensions .
Sec t ion is changed
if it s undes irable
f rom t he s tability or
economy point of
view.
Fou n d ation An al ysis and Desig n : Dr. Ami t P rash an t
Retain in g Wall Desi gn : P rop ortion in g
0.3 m min
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0.3 m min
Fou n d ation An al ysis and Desig n : Dr. Ami t P rash an t
Earth Pressure on Retain i n g Wal l
Earth press ure may be
c alculated at the vertic al
s ec t ion going t hrough t he
heel of wall. This is under
t he c ons traint that Heel is
proportioned in s uc h a way
t hat line AC makes an
angle les s than or equal to
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gq
with vertic al.
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Fou n d ation An al ysis and Desig n : Dr. Ami t P rash an t
Earth Pressure on Retain i n g Wal l
Pa (Rankine)
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Pa (Coulomb)
Fou n d ation An al ysis and Desig n : Dr. Ami t P rash an t
Eq u ival en t Fl u id Meth od
Alon g l in e AB
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h 2 h P = K H 1 2
v 2 v P = K H
Terzag h i an d P eck h ave p rod uced semi-emp irical ch arts for Kh and Kv for
d iff eren t types of soil s as l isted in th e tabl e b el ow
The units of Kh and Kv are
t he s ame as (Ph/H2)
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Fou n d ation An al ysis and Desig n : Dr. Ami t P rash an t
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Fou n d ation An al ysis and Desig n : Dr. Ami t P rash an t
Retain in g wall s with backfil l slop e of fin ite d i stan ce
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Fou n d ation An al ysis and Desig n : Dr. Ami t P rash an t
Earth
P ressure
on
Retain in g
wall s
wi th
b ackfill
l f
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slop e of
fin ite
d istan ce
Fou n d ation An al ysis and Desig n : Dr. Ami t P rash an t
Earth Pressure on Retain i n g wal ls wi th b ackfil l
slop e of fin ite d istan ce
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Fou n d ation An al ysis and Desig n : Dr. Ami t P rash an t
S tab i lity of retai ni ng wal l
OVERTU RNING
about its t oe.
SLIDING
along the base
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BEARING CAPACITY
f ailure of s upport ing
bas e
Exc ess ive SETTLEMENT
may occ ur if weak s oil
layer is loc at ed below the
f oundation within 1.5
t imes foundation width.
Fou n d ation An al ysis and Desig n : Dr. Ami t P rash an t
S tab i lity of retai ni ng wal l
Deep seat ed s hear f ailure m ay occ ur if t here is
a weak s oil layer below t he f oundation wit hin a
dept h of about 1.5 t imes widt h of foundat ion.
The failure surf ac e may be as sumed to have
c ylindrical shape and c rit ical failure s urf ace f or
s liding may be det ermined through analys is .
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For back fi ll with its slope
les s than 10, the critical
s liding surf ac e may be
ass umed t o pas s through
heel of t he retaining wall.
Fou n d ation An al ysis and Desig n : Dr. Ami t P rash an t
Ch eck Ag ai nst
OVERTURNNG
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Fou n d ation An al ysis and Desig n : Dr. Ami t P rash an t
Ch eck Ag ai nst OVERTURNNG
R
O
M
FOS
M
=

Res is ting Moment
Overturning Moment
Th e wal l must b e safe ag ai nst overtu rni n g ab ou t th e toe
. .
2
. .
av i i
ah a P p
PBW x
FOS
Py P y
+
=

FOS = 1.5, if wind/s eismic
f orc es are cons idered
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Locati on of Resu ltan t force from toe can d eterm in ed as
( ). av i R O P +W x =M M
In t he design of cant ilever retaining wall it is preferred t hat t he s tem c ent er is
right above t he loc at ion of res ult ant force at the bas e (result ant of s oil reac tion).
RO
av i
MM
x
PW

=
+


Fou n d ation An al ysis and Desig n : Dr. Ami t P rash an t
Ch eck ag ai nst S LI DI NG
R 1.75
S
F
FOS
F
=

. tan R b b P F = R + c B + P
S ah F = P
In m os t cases
pas s ive eart h
press ure is ignored
while c alculating
FOS agains t sliding
Bas e f ric tion and
adhes ion may be
t aken by the
FOS 1 5 if i d/ i i
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f ollowing
ass umpt ion
2
1 to 2 .
b 2 3 =

2
1 to 2 .
b 2 3 c = c

= 1. 5, wind/ seis mic
f orc es are cons idered
Fou n d ation An al ysis and Desig n : Dr. Ami t P rash an t
Altern atives for I mprovin g FOS again st Sl id in g
U s e bas e key t o
inc reas e the pas sive
res is tanc e agains t
U s e a Dead man anchor
at the st em to t rans fer a
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Inc reas e the widt h of bas e
s lab (preferably on heel s ide)
s liding
part of s liding f orc e t o it.
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Fou n d ation An al ysis and Desig n : Dr. Ami t P rash an t
Ch eck for BEARI NG CAPACI TY fai lu re
( ) ( ) 22
av i ah P R = P +W + P P
B
RO
av i
MM
CE x
PW

==
+


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2
e = x Eccen tricity:
( )
max
1 6 1 6 av i Q e P W e q
BBB B
+ = + = +


( )
min
1 6 1 6 av i Q e P W e q
BBB B
+ = =


For e > B/6, qmin becomes negative,
i.e. t ens ile forc e. This is not des irable
and re-proportioning is required
Fou n d ation An al ysis and Desig n : Dr. Ami t P rash an t
Ch eck for BEARI NG CAPACI TY fai lu re
. . . . . . . . 0. 5 . . . . . u c c c c q q q q q cN s d i qN s d i BN s d i = + +
Bearin g cap aci ty of soil can b e cal cu l ated u sin g g eneral b eari ng
cap acity eq uation.
Fol lowin g con sid eration h ave to mad e d u rin g th e an alysi s
The ec centric it y of load on t he f oundat ion can be inc orporated using
eff ect ive area method. The bearing capac ity is c alculated as suming the
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width of foundat ion as B'
B = B 2e
Inc linat ion of result ant force has to taken into acc ount
t an ah P
av i
PP
PW


=
+
u[
av
FOS q
q
Factor of safety again st =
b earin g cap aci ty:
2 f or granular s oil
3 f or c ohesive s oils
Fou n d ation An al ysis and Desig n : Dr. Ami t P rash an t
Wall J oi nts
Con stru ction Join ts: Vertical or hori zon tal join ts are p laced between two
s uc c ess ive pour of c onc ret e. To increas e s hear res is tanc e at the joints ,
keys may us ed as s hown in the fi gure below.
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Con traction Joi nt: Th ese are vertical
joints placed in t he wall ( from top of bas e
s lab to t he t op of wall) t hat allow t he
c onc rete to s hrink without not iceable harm.
The groove may be 6-8 mm wide, 12-16
mm deep, and t hey are plac ed at 8- 12 m
s pac ing.
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Fou n d ation An al ysis and Desig n : Dr. Ami t P rash an t
Wall J oi nts
Exp an si on J oi n t: These vertical join ts are provid ed in l arg e retain in g
walls t o allow f or t he expans ion of conc ret e due to temperat ure c hanges
and they are us ually extended from t op t o bott om of t he wall. These
joints may be fi lled with fl exible joint fi llers. Horiz ont al reinf orc ing st eel
bars running ac ros s the stem are c ontinuous t hrough all joint s. However,
t he c urrent thinking is t hat the large res is tanc e to expans ion/c ont ract ion
on the bac k face of wall from lat eral pres s ure + the frict ion res is tanc e of
t he base t hese joints are prac tic ally us eles s
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bas e, us eles s.
Fou n d ation An al ysis and Desig n : Dr. Ami t P rash an t
Wall Drain age
Acc umulation of rain water in t he bac k fi ll results in its s at urat ion, and
t hus a c onsiderable inc reas e in t he earth press ure ac ting on the wall.
This may eventually lead to unst able c onditions. Two of the options to
t ake c are of this problem are the following:
Provis ion of weep holes w/o geo- textile on t he bac k-f ac e of wall
Perforated pipe draining s ys t em with fi lt er
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Weep hole Filter m aterial Filt er material
Perforated pipe
Fou n d ation An al ysis and Desig n : Dr. Ami t P rash an t
Wall Drain age
Weep Hol es: Th ey sh ou l d h ave a min i mum
diameter of 10 c m and be adequately spaced
depending on t he backfi ll m at erial. Geot extile
material or a thin layer of s ome ot her
fi lt er may be us ed on the bac k face of wall
f or t he f ull height in order t o avoid the bac k
fi ll material entering the weep holes and
eventually clogging t hem.
Verti cal d rain s
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I ncl in ed drai n s
Comb in ation of in cl in ed
an d h orizon tal d rain for
coh esive soils
Top d rai n s for cl ay
b ackfill s
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Fou n d ation An al ysis and Desig n : Dr. Ami t P rash an t
Wall Drain age
P erforated P ip es: Th ese are p rovi ded h ori zontally alon g th e b ack face of
wall at the bott om of s tem. The fi lt er material around the perf orated pipe
s hould s at isfy t he following requirement s.
The soil to be prot ec ted should note was h into the fi lt er
15( ) 5 Filt er D
D
<
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Exc ess ive hydraulic pres sure head is not c reated in the soil due to low
permeabilit y.
85( Bac kfi ll) ( )
( )
15
15
4 Filt er
Bac kfi ll
D
D
>
Fou n d ation An al ysis and Desig n : Dr. Ami t P rash an t
Wall S ettl emen ts
Set tlement of s oil below the wall
Imm ediate sett lement in granular s oil.
Cons olidation s et tlement in c ohesive soil.
Diff erent ial s et tlement
Heel s et tlement is larger when there is s ubst antial increase in
bac kfi ll
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Toe s ettlement s are produc ed by lateral earth press ure. To
minim ize t oe s et tlement s, ground may be st rengthened us ing s and
piles , roc k columns, grouting, or st ruct ural piles.
Diff erent ial s et tlement s along the lengt h of wall may produce
c rac ks in t he wall. This c an be watc hed during c ons truc tion its elf
and preempt ive ac tion may be taken suc h as ensuring proper
c om pact ion of the ground.
Fou n d ation An al ysis and Desig n : Dr. Ami t P rash an t
Desi g n of Can til ever Retain in g Wall
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