Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Cycle of Poverty
Countries can be seen as trapped in a Cycle of Poverty. A self perpetuating
combination of factors which unless broken will stop development.
Cumulative Causation
Can be used on a global scale or within countries to explain regional
disparities.
Cumulative Causation Spiral of advantages that occur in a specific
geographical location (core).
Backwash Effects
Negative effects of the cores growth on the periphery. Out-migration of
economically active people, outflows of capital, decreasing tax base, firms
of the periphery not able to compete with the firms of the core and therefore
periphery being flooded with cores products.
Spread Effects
Positive effects of the cores growth on the periphery. Core unable to supply
all the products the Core is demanding so supply from the Periphery to the
Core. Core becomes affected by NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES (high rents,
overcrowding, congestion) so firms locate in periphery.
Dependency theory
Domination of the rich over the poor has led to continued and growing
disparities between the rich and the poor.
CORE
Sabah
Peninsula
r
PERIPHERY
Malaysia
Sarawak
(west)
KL
East Malaysia
KL
THE CORE
SARAWAK
EAST MALAYSIA
THE PERIPHERY
SARAWAK
THE PERIPHERY
MANY RESOURCES
BUT DENSE TRF
DIFFICULT RELIEF
POOR INFRASTRUCTURE
LACK OF EDUCATION
LACK OF
INDUSTRIALISATION
LITTLE URBANISATION
LACK OF INVESTMENT
A RESOURCE FRONTIER
LESS WELL DEVELOPED
Malaysia
The
Malaysia
Result
Malaysia
Core
PERIPHERY
Falling numbers of educated, skilled young
people. Falling numbers of agricultural
workers due to higher wages in Core
service jobs and falling demand for local
produce as urban consumers tastes
change. e.g. domestic rice production.
Possible collapse of indigenous village
culture.
THE CORE
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
AROUND AND TO SOUTH
OF KUALA LUMPUR
INVESTMENT BY GOVERNMENT AND TNCs
GOOD INFRASTRUCTURE, ROADS, RAIL, PORTS AND
TELECOMMS
EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES
TYPICAL NIC
INDUSTRIALISED
CHARACTERISTICS
URBAN ISED
WELL EDUCATED
FREE TRADE ZONE
BUT
IS IT SUSTAINABLE?
NATIONAL PARKS
AND
ECOTOURISM
ECOURISM
TAMAN NAGARA NATIONAL PARK