ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I

Unit -I
INTRODUCTION
Hans Christian Oersted (1777 –
1851)

1822

In 1820 he showed that a current

produces a magnetic field.
 André-Marie Ampère (1775 –
1836)
French mathematics professor who only
a week after learning of Oersted’s
discoveries in Sept. 1820 demonstrated
that parallel wires carrying currents
attract and repel each other.

attract

A moving charge of 1 coulomb

per second is a current of
repel
1 ampere (amp).
 Michael Faraday (1791 –
1867)
Self-taught English chemist and physicist
discovered electromagnetic induction in
1831 by which a changing magnetic field
induces an electric field.

A capacitance of 1 coulomb per volt

is called a farad (F) Faraday’s electromagnetic
induction ring
 Joseph Henry (1797 – 1878)
American scientist, Princeton University
professor, and first Secretary of the
Smithsonian Institution.

Built the largest

Discovered self-
electromagnets of
induction
his day
Unit of inductance, L, is the “Henry”
 Magnetic Fields and Circuits
A current i through a coil produces a
magnetic flux, φ , in webers, Wb.
i
φ = ∫ BgdA φ = BA +
A
v N
-

B = magnetic flux density in Wb/m2.

B = µH

H = magnetic field intensity in A/m.

µ = magnetic permeability
Hl = Ni
Ampere's Law: ∫ Hgdl = ∑ i
Ñ reluctance

Magnetomotive force F = Ni F = Rφ
 Magnetic Flux
Magnetic flux, φ , in webers, Wb. Current entering
"dots" produce
i1 i2
fluxes that add.
+ +
v1 N1 N2 v2
- -

φ11 = flux in coil 1 produced by current in coil 1

φ12 = flux in coil 1 produced by current in coil 2
φ21 = flux in coil 2 produced by current in coil 1
φ22 = flux in coil 2 produced by current in coil 2
φ1 = total flux in coil 1 = φ11 + φ12
φ2 = total flux in coil 2 = φ21 + φ22
 Faraday's Law
i1 i2
+ +
v1 N1 N2 v2
i - -

Total flux linking coil 1: λ1 = N1φ1

d λ1 dφ1
Faraday's Law: induced voltage in coil 1 is v1 (t ) = = N1
dt dt
Sign of induced voltage v1 is such that the current i through
an external resistor would be opposite to the current i1 that
produces the flux φ 1.
Example of Lenz's law Symbol L of inductance from Lenz
 Mutual Inductance
i1 i2
+ +
v1 N1 N2 v2
- -

Faraday's Law
dφ1 dφ dφ
v1 (t ) = N1 = N1 11 + N1 12
dt dt dt
In linear range, flux is proportional to current
di1 di2
v1 (t ) = L11 + L12
dt dt

self-inductance mutual inductance

 Mutual Inductance
i1 i2
+ +
v1 N1 N2 v2
- -

di1 di2
v1 (t ) = L11 + L12
dt dt
di1 di
di1 di2 v1 (t ) = L1 +M 2
v2 (t ) = L21 + L22 dt dt
dt dt
di1 di2
Linear media v2 (t ) = M + L2
dt dt
L12 = L21 = M

Let L2 = L22 L1 = L11

Core losses
Hysteresis losses
Hysteresis losses
Hysteresis losses
Eddy current losses
 Eddy current losses
How do we reduce Eddy current losses

SOLID

LAMINATED
Eddy current losses
Eddy current losses in windings

Can be a problem with thick wires

- Low voltage machines
- High speed machines
 Force, torque and power
Universal modeling of terminal characteristic
of electro-magnetic devices based on
energy balance
 Induced EMF
Induced emf could be classified into
two types

 Dynamically induced EMF.

 Statically induced EMF.

 Statically induced emf
In statically induced emf, conductor is
stationary with respect to the magnetic
field.
Transformer is an example of statically
induced emf. Here the windings are
stationary,magnetic field is moving around
the conductor and produces the emf.
 Statically induced emf
• The emf produced in a conductor due to
the change in magnetic field is called
statically induce emf .It could be classified
into two
• 1)self induced emf and 2)mutual induced
emf
 Dynamically induced emf

This is the EMF induced due to the motion of

conductor in a magnetic field.

Mathematically
e = Blv volts
• e-induced emf
• B – flux density of magnetic field in Tesla
• l = length of conductor in meters
• v- velocity of conductor in m/s
 Dynamically induced emf

If the conductor moves in an angle θ,the induced

emf could be represented as
e= Blvsinθ
the direction of induced emf is given by
flemmings right hand rule.

Generator is an example of dynamically induced

emf.