Chapter 5

Water and Solution

Water is the most abundant substance on

earth.
Like any other substances, water has its own
unique characteristics.

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

A. Physical Characteristics of Water

1. Water can exist in three states:

a. Solid

b. Liquid

c. Gas

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

2. At room temperature, pure water is a

a. colourless,
b. odourless and
c. tasteless.

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

Freezing Point of Water

liquid

solid

1.Water changes from liquid to solid at its freezing

point.
Freezing point of water is the temperature at
which water freezes into ice.

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

2. The freezing point of pure water is 0 oC.

3. The temperature remains constant at 0 oC until water

freezes completely.

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

When the temperature drops, the water

particles move slower.

Therefore, the forces of attraction among the

particles grow stronger.

At 0 oC, the forces of attraction are so great

that the water particles are held in fixed

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

Boiling Point of Water

liquid
gases
1. Water boils at its boiling point.
Boiling point of water is the temperature at
which water boils and becomes steam.

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

2. The boiling point of pure water is 100 oC.

3. The temperature remains constant at 100 oC until

water boils completely.

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

When the temperature rises, the water particles

move faster and further apart.

Therefore, the forces of attraction among the

particles grow weaker.

At 100 oC, water particles move so fast that

they overcome the forces of attraction and
leave the liquids surface.

Waterbecomessteam!

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

5. Water conducts heat slowly. Water is a poor

thermal conductor.
6. Water is also a poor electrical conductor.
7. The density of water varies with temperature.
Pure water has the maximum density of 1 g
per cm3 at 4 oC.

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

B. Effects of Impurities on the Physical

Characteristics of Water
1. Impurities in water can change the
physical characteristics of water. Sometimes
the change is noticeable and sometimes it is not.

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

2. Here are some examples:

Physical
characteristic

Example

Taste

Purewateristastelessbutseawaterissalty.

Odour

Purewaterisodourless.Waterwithdecayedmatterhasanunpleasa
nt
smell.

Colour

Purewateriscolourlessbutmuddywaterisbrownishincolour.

Density

Purewaterislessdensethanseawater.

Electricalconductivit
y

Purewaterwithafewdropsofsulphuricacidcanconductelectricity.

Freezingpoint

Boilingpoint

Purewaterfreezesat0Cbutseawaterfreezesatalower
temperature.
Purewaterboilsat100Cbutseawaterboilsatahighertemperature.

5.2 Composition of Water

Composition of Water

1. Water is a compound. It is made of two different

elements.
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Water

5.2 Composition of Water

2. Water can be broken down to its elements

through electrolysis.

A method to break down a compound by passing

an electric current through its liquid or solution

5.2 Composition of Water

3. The volume of hydrogen released is always

twice
released.is
Oxygen
is the volume of oxygenHydrogen
released at the
anode

released at the
cathode

5.2 Composition of Water

4.

Water is made up of one part of oxygen and two parts of

hydrogen.

Hydrogen atoms
Oxygen atom

5.2 Composition of Water

5. Therefore, scientists represent water with the

following formula:

H2 O
H Represents the hydrogen atom
2 Shows that there are two atoms of hydrogen
O Represents the oxygen atom

Applying the principle of water evaporation

In our daily life.
1. To drying clothes
2. To drying hair
3. To drying agricultural produce
4. To drying fish and prawn
5. To cooling the body
6. To producing the common salt

5.4 Solution and Solubility

Solution and Solubility

5.4 Solution and Solubility

1. What is a solution?

A solute is the
substance that dissolves.
A solvent is the
substance that the solute
dissolves in.

5.4 Solution and Solubility

2. Depending on the amount of solutes in

solutions, there are three types of solutions.

Dilute solution
Contains a little
dissolved solute
Can dissolve a lot
more solute

Solution

Concentrated solution
Contains a lot of
dissolved solute

Saturated solution
Contains the maximum
amount of dissolved solute

Can dissolve a little bit Cannot dissolve any more

more solute
solute

All these solutions have a clear appearance

5.4 Solution and Solubility

1. What is a suspension?
A suspension is a mixture containing insoluble
substances.
2. There are many suspensions around us.
Muddy water, fruit juices, chocolate drink, blood

5.4 Solution and Solubility

1. What is solubility?
The solubility of a solute is the maximum amount of solute in
grams that will dissolve in 100 g of solvent at a given
temperature.
For example, the solubility of sodium chloride is 38 g per 100
g of water at 20 oC.
This means that you can dissolve not more than 38 g of sodium
chloride in 100 g of water at 20 oC.

5.4 Solution and Solubility

2. Factors Affecting the Solubility of a Solute

a. The nature of the solvent
b. The nature of the solute
c. The temperature of the solvent

5.4 Solution and Solubility

i. The nature of the solvent

- The solubility of a solute differs in
different solvents.
Example:
Only a little iodine can dissolve in water. Iodine can
dissolve very well in alcohol.

5.4 Solution and Solubility

ii. The nature of the solute

Different solutes have different solubility
in the same solvent.

Example:
At the same temperature, sodium chloride has a
lower solubility in water compared to copper chloride.

5.4 Solution and Solubility

1. What are the factors affecting the rate

of dissolving a solute?
a. Temperature
b. Rate of stirring
c. Size of solute particles

5.4 Solution and Solubility

i. Temperature
The higher the temperature of the solvent, the higher the
rate of dissolving.

:
We use hot water to make
tea. One reason for this is
that hot water increases
the rate of dissolving of
certain substances in the

5.4 Solution and Solubility

ii. Rate of stirring

The higher the rate of stirring, the higher the rate of
dissolving.

:
The faster you stir the
soup, the faster the salt
dissolves in it.

5.4 Solution and Solubility

iii. Size of solute particles

The smaller the size of the solute particles, the higher the
rate of dissolving.

Smaller pieces of palm

sugar can dissolve in water
faster than a big piece of
it.

5.4 Solution and Solubility

Water is a good solvent. Almost everything can dissolve in it to

produce solutions. Therefore, water is also known as the
universal solvent.
Water acts as a medium in many chemical reactions in
our body.
Water dissolves and transports many substances in our
body such as digested food and waste products.
Water dissolves cleaning agents such as soap powder,
dishwasher liquid and toilet cleaner.

5.4 Solution and Solubility

Water dissolves various substances. This enables us to

use water in cooking and making drinks.

Water is used extensively in food industry as a solvent.

Water is used to prepare traditional and modern liquid

medicines.

Farmers use water to dissolve pesticides.

5.4 Solution and Solubility

Some substances cannot dissolve in water but they can

dissolve in organic solvents.

What are organic solvents?

Alcohol

Turpentine

Acetone

5.4 Solution and Solubility

1. We use many organic solvents in various products.

To produce lacquers and varnishes
Alcohol

To produce various types of ink

To prepare iodine solution (as an antiseptic)
To produce perfume

To produce paints
To remove paint stains
Turpentine
To produce nail polish

5.4 Solution and Solubility

2. Organic solvents are very useful to us.

a. They are volatile. Therefore, products such as

paints, lacquers,
varnishes and inks become dry in a
short period of time.
b. They can dissolve many solutes that do not dissolve
in water.
3. However, products containing organic solvents
should be
handled carefully.
a. They are flammable and should be stored away
from heat.
b. They are toxic and carcinogenic (likely to cause
cancer).

1.

An acid is a substance that has a hydrogen

atom, which can be replaced by a metal
or ammonium.

Acid can be divided into two groups and

differences are shown below
2.

ACID
Organic acid

Example
Acetic acid
Formic acid
Lactic acid
Malic acid
Citric acid
Tannic acid
Tartaric acid

Inorganic acid

Example
Sulphuric acid
Nitric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Carbonic acid

3.An acid exist in three state which are

a. solid tartaric acid
b. liquid ethanoic acid
c. gas hydrogen chloric

4. The properties of acids

a. Taste sour
b. Are corrosive
c. Change blue litmus paper to red
d. Have pH values of less than 7
e. React with carbonates to release carbon dioxide
acid + cabonates
and form salt and watersalt + water + carbon dioxide

f.

React with active metals to release hydrogen and form

salt.
acid + metal

salt + hydrogen

g. React with alkalis to form salt and water

acid + alkali

salt + water

1.

2.

An alkalis is hydroxide or metal oxide that

dissolves in water.

Example: potassium hydroxide, sodium

hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, ammonium
hydroxide solutions.

12 3

Acidity increases
neutral

8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Alkalinity increases

5.5 Acid and Alkali

Neutralisation

+ alkali is
+ water
acid Neutralization
salt where
a process
Note: Where acid reacts with alkali, salt and water are formed.
Different kinds of acids and alkalis will form different types of salt.

5.6 Water Purification

Natural Sources of Water

Natural Sources of Water

From Ocean
Salty
Not suitable for
human consumption

From lakes, streams,

rivers, ground water
(well) and rain
Fresh Water
But not pure, need to be purified

a. Most pure
b. Has very little dissolved substances and a
little dust

a. Not clean
b. Has a lot of dissolved substances and dirt
such as microorganisms and silt

a. Has microorganisms and dissolved

substances
b. Cleaner than river

a. Has the most substances of salt

b. Has the most of dirt.

5.7 Water Supply System

Usage of Water

Usage of Water

Domestic Use
of Water

Drinking
Washing
Watering
Plants

Agricultural Use Direct Use of

Rivers and
of Water
Streams

Irrigation
Aquaculture

Industrial Use
of Water

Cooling
Generate
Washing
Hydroelectric

Disposal
Power
of Waste
Recreation
Transportation

METHOD OF PURIFICATION

Chlorination

Chlorine solution

Filtration

Muddy water

Fine sand
Coarse sand

Pebbles

Gravel
filtrate

Boiling

filtrate

Distillation

Water
out

Liebig
condenser
Muddy
Water
Water in

Distilled
water

1. Water from natural sources have various

impurities such as microorganisms, dissolved gases,
mineral salts and silt.
2. Water from natural sources must be purified so that it
save to drink and use.
3. Table shows the advantage and disadvantage of
water purification.

Waterpurificationmetho
d

a. Filtration
Onlyremoves

impuritiesthatare
coarsesuchas
suspendedsubstances.
Sandfiltersare
commonlyused

advantage

disadvantage

Waterisclear

Waterstillhas

andfree
suspended
particlesonly

microorganisms
anddissolved
substances
(suchas
mineralsalts)

Water is free
b. Distillation
Prepares pure or from all
suspended
distilled water
substances,
microorganisms
and dissolved
substances.

Water

does
not make
good
drinking
because it
does not
contain
dissolved
mineral
with our
body need.

c. Boiling and
chlorination

Only kills
microorganisms in
water

Water is free from

dangerous
microorganisms

Water still has

dissolved
substances and
suspended
substances.

WATER TREATMENT PLANT

1. Refer to your text book pg. 36 and draw figure 5.34

PRESERVATION OF WATER QUALITY

1. Find out the ways to control water pollution on page 41.