DOGMA SENTRAL

BIOLOGI
MOLEKULER
Riandini Aisyah
Molecular Biology & Immunology

LOGO
Riandini Aisyah 2012

Role of genes within cells

DNA

* very important substance

* carries the hereditary information - determines
the structures of proteins
protein is the prime molecule of life
instructions that direct cells to grow and divide
messages - the differentiation of fertilized eggs
specialized cells - normal function

ALL SECRETS OF LIFE

BRAIN - of all cells is DNA

If we can reveal the exact form of our genetic blueprint

we shall
have taken a giant step toward understanding the many complex set
of interconnected chemical reactions in an organism

LOGO
www.themegallery.com

One gene

DNA

RNA

one protein
Protein

(Central Dogma)

LOGO
www.themegallery.com

Central Dogma
Gene

Genome
Transcription

RNA

Transcriptome

Translation

Protein

Proteome

LOGO

Information Only Goes One

Way
The central
dogma states that once information has
passed into protein it cannot get out again.

The transfer of information from nucleic acid to nucleic acid,

or from nucleic acid to protein,
protein may be possible, but
transfer from protein to protein, or from protein to nucleic
acid, is impossible.
Information means here the precise determination of
sequence, either of bases in the nucleic acid or of amino
acid residues in the protein.

LOGO

HUMAN GENOME = total genetic

information
NUCLEAR GENOME
* 23 pairs of chromosomes 2 X ( 3 X
109 b.p) 2 meters DNA / Cell
* 2 X ( 3 X 1012 ) meters DNA in human
body 8,000 X (earth to moon)
MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME

LOGO

 Human
22 autosom yang berbeda
2 sex kromosom
Masing2 single linier DNA

E.Coli 1 Chromosom
40 50 loop superkoil

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

Human genome= total

genetic
information
Contain
3.109 nucleotides
(bp), organized as

24 chromosomes
two copies
Each DNA mol: contain a centromere,
centromere two
telomeres and replication origins
Centromeres serve to hold the two copies
and attach via kinetochore

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

 Nucleotides:
A - T
G - C
Sugar:
De oxy ribose
Ribose
Phosphate

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

STRUCTURE :

DNA/RNA DE OXY RIBOSE / RIBOSE

Phosphate group
BASE : PURINE :
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
PYRIMIDINE :
Cytosin (C)
(DNA) - Thymin (T)
(RNA) - Uracil (U)

* Composition of bases of DNA from different

organism varies greatly

LOGO

LOGO

 DNA * Consist of two intertwined polynucleotid

chain (the Double Helix)
* The Double helix is held together by
Hydrogen bond
* Adenin (A) pair with Thymin (T) (A = T)
Guanin (G) pair with Cytosin (C) (G = C)
* Base pairing = complementary

LOGO

 DNA
* can be renatured and denatured
* denatured : boils temperature
extreme of PH (PH < 3
PH > 10)
* renatured : 650C

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

A segment of DNA found on a chromosome that codes

for a particular proteins; a unit of heredity

Structurally, a basic unit of hereditary material; an

ordered sequence of nucleotide bases that encodes a
product (this product could be just RNA like rRNA or
finally coding for a protein)

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

 How to understand gene functions ?

Certain stimuli
receptor
signal transduction
intracell pathway
nuclear response
certain gene on
transcription
RNA
splicing
m RNA
translation
Protein (a.a)

LOGO

Each gene produces an RNA molecule

The primary fuction of the genome: to specify RNA
mol
The expression is regulated prot. bind to the DNA
in regulatory regions to determine whether a gene is
transcribed
coding and coding sequences= exon and intron
One gene

one protein

DNA

RNA

Protein

(Central Dogma)

LOGO

 RNA -

m RNA
t RNA
r RNA

Fungsi RNA
m RNA
t

- transfer information from genes to

protein - synthesizing machine
RNA - carries activated a.a for protein
synthetis

r RNA

- protein synthesis

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

LOGO

 GENOME :
Mus musulus : mammalia
Homo sapiens 3.5 109 bp

3.109 bp DNA

GEN (DNA) ANALYSIS

RFLP = RESTRICTION FRAGMENT

LENGTH POLY MORPHISM
PFGE = PULSED FIELD GEL ELECTRO
PORESIS
PCR = POLYMERASE CHAIN
REACTION
HYBRIDISATION
NORTHERN, SOUTHERN
WESTERN

LOGO

DNA / Genes
* existence
* multicopy
* rearrangement
* mutation
* structural / sequence changes
LOGO

RNA :
* gene expression
* level of expression
* degradation time
* gene function
LOGO

LOGO